Israfil
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Israfil (Arabic: إِسْـرَافِـيْـل, ʾIsrāfīl) or Israfel[1] is the angel who blows the trumpet to signal Qiyamah (the Day of Judgment) in Islam.[2] Though unnamed in the Quran, he is one of the four archangels in Islamic tradition, along with Michael, Gabriel, and Azrael.[1] The "Book of Dead" described Israfil as the oldest of all archangels.[3] He is commonly thought of as the counterpart of the Judeo-Christian archangel Raphael.[4][5]
Israfil is portrayed as writing the destiny of humans and all commands of God to the (other) archangels with the pen (qalam), which he carries with one wing; with the other wing, Israfil covers his face, unable to look at God.[6]
In religious tradition
[edit]Israfil is mentioned in a hadith as the angel nearest to God, mediating the commands of God to the other archangels.[7] Although the name Israfil does not appear in the Quran, a figure blowing a trumpet is repeatedly alluded to, and is assumed to be this figure:
And the trumpet shall be blown, so all those that are in the heavens and all those that are in the earth shall swoon, except him whom Allah will ; then it shall be blown again, then they shall stand up awaiting.
Kitab Aḥwāl al-Qiyāma, states:
Know that Israfil is the master of the horn [al-qarn]. God created the preserved tablet [al-lawḥ al-maḥfuz] of white pearl. Its length is seven times the distance between the heaven and the earth and it is connected to the Throne. All that exists until the day of resurrection is written on it. Israfil has four wings--one in the East, one in the West, one covering his legs and one shielding his head and face in fear of God. His head is inclined toward the Throne .... No angel is nearer to the throne than Israfil. Seven veils are between him and the Throne, each veil five hundred years distance from the next; seventy veils are between Jibril and Israfil. While he is standing the trumpet [ṣur] is placed on his right · thigh and the head of the trumpet on his mouth. He awaits the command of God, and when God commands he will blow. And when the period of the world is completed, the trumpet will be brought near the face of Israfil and he will fold his four wings and blow the trumpet.[8][9]
Due to his beautiful voice, he is also the Muezzin of those in Heaven.[10]
Kitab Aḥwāl al-Qiyāma states he has four wings, however, another tradition mentions that he has twelve.[11]
A few reports assume that Israfil had visited Muhammad before Gabriel did.[12]
Mission
[edit]According the the Az-Zumar (the 39th chapter or surah of the Qur'an) verse 68, a trumpet will be blown twice at the end of the world.[13]
- "And the trumpet is blown, so all those in the heavens and all those in the earth will swoon, except such as Allah please. Then it will be blown again, when lo! they stand up, awaiting."[13]
Some Islamic religious scholars, referring to Hadiths, have named Israfel as the angel who will sound the trumpet.[14] [15] The first blow will kill all creatures and creations except Israfil himself.[15] Later, Israfil will blow the trumpet for the second time, then all creatures will be revived and wait for judgment.[14]
Aside from his task to blow the Armageddon trumpet, Israfil is mentioned in non-canonical Hadiths as one of archangels who bear the Throne of God on their back (Hamalat al-Arsh).[16] Meanwhile, According to a Tabi'un tradition which sourced from a Tabi'un named Abdurrahman ibn Sabith, the task of Israfil was transmitting tasks from God to other archangels such as Gabriel, Michael, and Azrael.[17]
Israfil is also said to have been sent along with the other three Islamic archangels to collect dust from the four corners of the earth,[9] though only Azrael succeeded in this mission.[18] It was from this dust that Adam, the first man and Prophet was formed.[19]
According to another tradition, Israfil is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the Battle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam as well as the the various Hadiths (both authentic and inauthentic), Gabriel,[20] Israfil, and Michael,[21] [Notes 1] along with another thousand best of angels from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr—impersonating the appearance of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a Companion of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.[Notes 2][25] This is deemed as benefiting Zubayr's personal honor according to Islamic belief.[26][27][Notes 3]
Inayat Khan ascribes to Israfil the role of an inspirer who explains revelation.[29]
View in other religions
[edit]Israfil has been associated with a number of other angelic names not pertaining to Islam, including Uriel,[4] and Raphael.[5]
-
Angel not named in source for image; matches other images that name the angel Israfel -
Israfil, the Angel of Resurrection, Blows the Seven-Fold Trumpet, Ottoman miniature -
Israfel blows the trumpet -
Israfel blows the trumpet of Sur
See also
[edit]- Angels in Islam
- List of angels in theology
- Eschatology
- Judgement (tarot card)
- Resurrection
- Seraph
- Seraphiel
- Seven trumpets
Appendix
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.[22] The complete narration from Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri were:... Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali — may God be pleased with him — address the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was on his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell on my heels, I prayed to God Almighty... Ibn al Mulqin, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluated this Hadith that he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this Hadith.[23] However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr[21]
- ^ According to one Hadith, Muhammad was told that the angels who appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel, in a Hadith narrated by Muhammad.[24]
- ^ According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad found an angel whom he thought to be Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, whereapon the angel with Zubayr's appearance simply replied, "I am not Zubayr." Thus, according to the Hadith record there was another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.[28]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lewis, James R., Evelyn Dorothy Oliver, and S. Sisung Kelle, eds. 1996. Angels A to Z. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 0-7876-0652-9. p. 224.
- ^ Webster, Richard (2009). Encyclopedia of angels (1st ed.). Woodbury, he will blow the trumpet when the day comes to the end Minn.: Llewellyn Publications. p. 97. ISBN 9780738714622.
- ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn Habib translated by Aisha Abd- ar Rahman at-Tarjumana Islamic Book of Dead Hadith Concerning the Fire and the Garden, Diwan Press, 1977, ISBN 0950444618, pp. 33–34
- ^ a b "Gabriel." Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b "Israfil" (revised). Encyclopædia Britannica. [1998] 2020.
- ^ Abilkhamitkyzy, R., and L. B. Begalieva. "Түркі әлеміндегі періштенің көркем бейнесі: кеше және бүгін." Keruen 75.2 (2022): 104-116.
- ^ Burge, Stephen. 2015. Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0. p. 92.
- ^ Kitab aḥwāl al-qiyāma, pp. 49-50 quoted in Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. pp. 70–71.
- ^ a b Davidson, Gustav. 1967. "Israfel." Pp. 151–52 in A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels. New York: Free Press. ISBN 9780029070505. LCCN 66-19757.
- ^ Tottoli, Roberto. "Isrāfīl". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32620. ISSN 1873-9830.
- ^ Al-Suyuti (2021). Muhammad as Said Basyuni, Abu Hajir; Yasir, Muhammad (eds.). Misteri Alam Malaikat (Religion / Islam / General) (in Indonesian). Translated by Mishabul Munir. Pustaka al-Kautsar. pp. 17, 30–32. ISBN 978-979-592-951-2. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of az-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92)
- ^ Kraemer, Joel L. 1993. Israel Oriental Studies, Band 13. Brill. ISBN 9789004099012. p. 219.
- ^ a b "39. The Companies (Al-Zumar)". The Holy Qur'an. Translated by Maulana Muhammad Ali. 1920.
- ^ a b Omar Al-Muqbil; professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center; Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina; Marwan Hadidi bin Musa Mpdi (2016). "Surat Zumar ayat 68". Tafsirweb (in Indonesian and Arabic). Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ a b Omar Al-Muqbil; professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center; Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina; Marwan Hadidi bin Musa Mpdi (2016). "Surat Zumar Qaf 41". Tafsirweb (in Indonesian and Arabic). Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). "Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)" [Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2)]. Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 December 2021.
Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba'dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-'Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-'Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).
- ^ Nur Baits, Ammi. "Mengenal Malaikat Mikail" [knowing Mikail the angel]. Konsultasi Syariah (Sharia consultation) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
Hadith narration from Abu Syaikh al-Ashbahani dalam al-Adzamah, no. 294
- ^ Weil, Gustav. 1863. "Adam." Pp. 19 in The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud or Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans. via Internet Sacred Text Archive.
- ^ Noegel, Scott B., and Brannon M. Wheeler. 2010. The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-461-71895-6. p. 13.
- ^ al-Misri, Mahmud (2015). Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam [Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam] (in Indonesian and Arabic). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. p. Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam; by Mahmud al-Misri; official Book review by Basalamah; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Siyar A'lam Nubala, Al-Tirmidhi, Prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham, etc. ISBN 9789791294386. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ a b Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). "Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)". Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 December 2021.
[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."
- ^ al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.". al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn. Islamweb: Islamweb. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi , on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub , who reported Abu Huwayrith , that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him
- ^ Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin. "كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي" [kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii]. Islamweb. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Qadhi, Yasir (2016). "Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01". Muslim Central Audio. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ Bin Al-Hassan & Al-Dimashqi (2012, p. 622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban)
- ^ Rizqullah 2005, p. 410.
- ^ Abasoomar & Abasoomar 2016.
- ^ Ahmad Ath-Thahir, Hamid (2017). Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak (Doctor) (in Indonesian). Hikam Pustaka. p. 103. ISBN 9786236843703. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ I. K. (1989). Spiritual Liberty. Indien: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 104
Bibliography
[edit]
- Abasoomar, Moulana Muhammad; Abasoomar, Moulana Haroon (2016). "Virtue of Sayyiduna Zubayr (radiyallahu 'anhu)". Hadith Answers. Darul Hadith. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- Bin Al-Hassan, Abi Al-Qasim Ali; Al-Dimashqi, Ibn Asaker (2012). تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 [History of the city of Damascus]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية.
- Rizqullah, Ahmad Mahdi (2005). A Biography of the Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources, an Analytical Study · Volume 1. Darussalam Publishers. p. 410. ISBN 9789960969022. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- Campo, Juan E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York, NY: Facts On File. p. 750. ISBN 978-1438126968.
- Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy; Lewis, James R. (2008). Angels A to Z (2nd ed.). Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781578592128.
- Schwebel, Rosemary Ellen Guiley ; foreword by Lisa (2004). The encyclopedia of angels (2nd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 193. ISBN 9781438130026.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Webster, Richard (2009). Encyclopedia of angels (1st ed.). Woodbury, Minn.: Llewellyn Publications. p. 97. ISBN 9780738714622.
- Student's Britannica: India. New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). 2000. p. 92. ISBN 9780852297605.
