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Chief Rabbi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Chief rabbinate" redirects here. See also Chief Rabbinate of Israel.

Chief Rabbi (Hebrew: רב ראשי, romanized: Rav Rashi) is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities. Since 1911, through a capitulation by Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel, Israel has had two chief rabbis, one Ashkenazi and one Sephardi.[1]

Cities with large Jewish communities may also have their own chief rabbis; this is especially the case in Israel but has also been past practice in major Jewish centers in Europe prior to the Holocaust. North American cities rarely have chief rabbis. One exception however is Montreal, with two—one for the Ashkenazi community, the other for the Sephardi.

Jewish law provides no scriptural or Talmudic support for the post of a "chief rabbi." The office, however, is said by many to find its precedent in the religio-political authority figures of Jewish antiquity (e.g., kings, high priests, patriarchs, exilarchs and geonim).[2] The position arose in Europe in the Middle Ages from governing authorities largely for secular administrative reasons such as collecting taxes and registering vital statistics, and for providing an intermediary between the government and the Jewish community, for example in the establishment of the Crown rabbi in several kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, the rab de la corte in the Kingdom of Castile or the arrabi mor in the Kingdom of Portugal, likely influenced by the expectations of their Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican governments and neighbors.[3] Similarly, in the 19th century there was a Crown rabbi of the Russian Empire.[4]

By country/region

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Albania

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  • Joel Kaplan (2010–present)[5]

Argentina

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Sephardi (Syrian)

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Sephardi

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Ashkenazi

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Austria

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Belgium

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Bulgaria

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Chile

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Colombia

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Ashkenazi

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Sephardi

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Chabad

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Cuba

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Croatia

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Cyprus

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Czech Republic

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Denmark

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Ecuador

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  • Menachem Mendel Fried (2022- )

Egypt

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Estonia

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The Far East

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Finland

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  • Simon Federbusch (1931–1940)
  • Elieser Berlinger [nl] (1946–1951)
  • Mika Weiss (1957–1961)
  • Shmuel Beeri (1961–1963)
  • Mordechai Lanxner (1973–1982)
  • Ove Schwartz (1982–1987)
  • Lazar Kleinman (–1992)
  • Michael Aloni (1995–1996)
  • Moshe Edelmann (1999–2012)
  • Simon Livson [fi] (2012–)[18]

Chabad Lubavitch Chief Rabbi of Finland

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  • Benyamin Wolff (2003–)[18]

France

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Galicia

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Galicia, is a historical region in Eastern Europe, that today form part of Poland and Ukraine; the title of its Chief Rabbi had already been abolished 1 November 1786 as part of the Josephinism Reforms.[19][20]

Due to its being a center for Jewish scholarship, the Rabbi of Lemberg was traditionally seen as the Rabbi of Galicia in the era prior to World War II.[21]

Greece

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  • Elias Barzilai
  • Gabriel Negrin

Guatemala

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Honduras

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Hong Kong

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Hungary

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Note that this list is not in chronological order.
  • Meir Eisenstadt known as the Panim Me'iros (1708–), rabbi of Eisenstadt and author of "Panim Me'irot"
  • Alexander ben Menahem
  • Phinehas Auerbach
  • Jacob Eliezer Braunschweig
  • Hirsch Semnitz
  • Simon Jolles (1717–?)
  • Samson Wertheimer (1693?–1724) (also Eisenstadt and Moravia)
  • Issachar Berush Eskeles (1725–1753)[23]
  • Joseph Hirsch Weiss—grandfather of Stephen Samuel Wise[24][25]
  • Samuel Kohn
  • Simon Hevesi (father of Ferenc Hevesi)
  • Ferenc Hevesi
  • Moshe Kunitzer a pioneer of the Haskalah movement in Hungary (1828–1837)
  • Koppel Reich
  • Chaim Yehuda Deutsch
  • József Schweitzer
  • Robert (Avrohom Yehudoh) Deutsch

Iran

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Main article: List of Chief Rabbis of Iran

Ireland

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The appointment of a new Chief Rabbi of Ireland has been put on hold since 2008.[26] A new Rabbi, Yoni Wieder was appointed in 2023. [27]

Israel

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Main article: Chief Rabbinate of Israel

The position of chief rabbi (Hebrew: רַב רָאשִׁי) of the Land of Israel has existed for hundreds of years. During the Mandatory Period, the British recognized the chief rabbis of the Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities, just as they recognized the Mufti of Jerusalem. The offices continued after statehood was achieved. Haredi Jewish groups (such as Edah HaChareidis) do not recognize the authority of the Chief Rabbinate. They usually have their own rabbis who do not have any connection to the state rabbinate.

Under current Israeli law, the post of Chief Rabbi exists in only four cities (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Beersheba). In other cities there may be one main rabbi to whom the other rabbis of that city defer, but that post is not officially the "Chief Rabbi".

Many of Israel's chief rabbis were previously chief rabbis of Israeli cities.

Military Rabbinate

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Japan

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Latvia

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Lebanon

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Lithuania

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Luxembourg

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Mexico

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  • Shlomo Tawil (1998–Present)
  • Uziel Milevsky (1981-1985)

North Macedonia

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  • Avi Kozma

Morocco

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Nepal

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Norway

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Panama

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Peru

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[34]

Poland

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See also: List of Polish Rabbis

Poland: Armed Forces

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Romania

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Russia

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Main article: Chief Rabbi of Russia

Military Rabbinate

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Serbia

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Singapore

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  • Mordechai Abergel[36]

Slovakia

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South Africa

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Spain

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The following are Chief Rabbis of the Jewish Community of Madrid (CJM):

  • Baruj Garzon (1968–1978), the first Chief Rabbi in Spain since the expulsion in 1492
  • Yehuda Benasouli (1978–1997)
  • Moshe Bendahan (1997–present)

Sudan

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  • Solomon Malka (1906–1949)
  • Haim Simoni (1950–1952)
  • Massoud El-Baz (1956–1965 by which time the Jewish community in Sudan had declined so dramatically that they could not afford to pay a Rabbi)[38]

Syria

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  • Yom Tov Yedid (1960–1982), moved to the United States in 1982 and died 27 July 2016 in the United States

Thailand

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Transylvania (before 1918)

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Note: The chief rabbi of Transylvania was generally the rabbi of the city of Alba Iulia.

  • Joseph Reis Auerbach (d. 1750)
  • Shalom Selig ben Saul Cohen (1754–1757)
  • Johanan ben Isaac (1758–1760)
  • Benjamin Ze'eb Wolf of Cracow (1764–1777)
  • Moses ben Samuel Levi Margaliot (1778–1817)
  • Menahem ben Joshua Mendel (1818–23)
  • Ezekiel Paneth (1823–1843)
  • Abraham Friedmann (d. 1879), last chief rabbi of Transylvania

Tunisia

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Turkey

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See also: Hakham Bashi

Chabad

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Uganda

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Ukraine

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United Arab Emirates

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  • Levi Duchman (2015-present) first resident rabbi to the UAE, appointed Chabad Shaliach to the UAE in 2020, making him the first Chabad Shaliach in a Gulf country. Directs the Jewish Community Center of the UAE. Rabbi Yehuda Sarna is the current Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Council of the Emirates.

United Kingdom and Commonwealth

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Presbyter Judaeorum (England)

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Main article: Presbyter Judaeorum

Ashkenazi chief rabbis

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See also: List of chief rabbis of the United Hebrew Congregations

Spanish and Portuguese community Hahamim/senior rabbis

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The Sephardi Jews in the United Kingdom are mainly members of independent synagogues. There is no single rabbi recognised by them as a chief rabbi. The Spanish and Portuguese community, however, consists of several synagogues, charities, a beth din and a kashruth authority. These are under the leadership of an ecclesiastical head. Historically, the individual who fills this role is recognised as a senior rabbi of Anglo Jewry, being the leader of the oldest Jewish community in the country. The Senior Rabbi was traditionally given the title, Haham, meaning "wise one". Since 1918, however, only Solomon Gaon was given this title. The official title of the holder of this office is now The Senior Rabbi of the S&P Sephardi Community of the United Kingdom.

United States

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A chief rabbinate never truly developed within the United States for a number of different reasons. While Jews first settled in the United States in 1654 in New York City, rabbis did not appear in the United States until the mid-nineteenth century. This lack of rabbis, coupled with the lack of official colonial or state recognition of a particular sect of Judaism as official effectively led to a form of congregationalism amongst American Jews. This did not stop others from trying to create a unified American Judaism, and in fact, some chief rabbis developed in some American cities despite lacking universal recognition amongst the Jewish communities within the cities (for examples see below). However, Jonathan Sarna argues that those two precedents, as well as the desire of many Jewish immigrants to the US to break from an Orthodox past, effectively prevented any effective Chief Rabbi in America.[42]

Uruguay

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  • Jaime Spector (1931–1937)
  • Aaron Milevsky (1937–1943)
  • Aaron Laschover (1943–1967)
  • Nechemia Berman (1970–1993)
  • Eliahu Birenbaum (1994–1999)
  • Yosef Bittón (1999–2002)
  • Mordejai Maarabi (2002–2009)
  • Shai Froindlich (2009–2010)
  • Isaac Fadda (2011–2012)
  • Ben-Tzion Spitz (2013–2016)
  • Max Yojanan Godet (2017–present)

Uzbekistan

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Venezuela

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Sephardi

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Ashkenazi

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By city

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Alexandria, Egypt

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Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Antwerp, Belgium

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Baltimore, Maryland – United States

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  • Abraham N. Schwartz (d. 1937)
  • Joseph H. Feldman (retired 1972, d. 1992)

Birobidzhan, Russia

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Brussels, Belgium

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Budapest, Hungary

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Caracas, Venezuela

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Chicago, Illinois – United States

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  • Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky known as the Ridbaz, served as chief rabbi of the Russian-American congregations in the city 1903–1905.

Copenhagen, Denmark

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Frankfurt, Germany

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  • Menachem Halevi Klein|Menachem Klein
  • Nathan HaKohen Adler

Gateshead, United Kingdom

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The Hague, Netherlands

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  • Saul Isaac Halevi (1748–1785)
  • Tobias Tal (1895–1898)
  • Dov Yehuda Schochet (1946–1952)

Haifa, Israel

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Hannover, Germany

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Hebron, West Bank

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Helsinki, Finland

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  • Naftali Amsterdam (1867–1875)
  • Avrohom Schain (1876–1881)
  • Abraham Werner-Homa (1881–1891)
  • Shmuel Noson Bukantz (1892–1924)
  • Scholem Triestman (1928–1929)[18]

Hoboken, New Jersey – United States

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Jerusalem

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Edah HaChareidis

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Note: The Edah HaChareidis is unaffiliated with the State of Israel. It is a separate, independent religious community with its own Chief Rabbis, who are viewed, in the Haredi world, as being the Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem.

Kyiv, Ukraine

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Krakow, Poland

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Leiden, Netherlands

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Leeuwarden, Friesland, Netherlands

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Milan, Italy

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Modi'in Illit, Israel

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Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Moscow, Russia

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Munich, Germany

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  • Yitshak Ehrenberg (1989–1997)[55]
  • Pinchos Biberfeld, moved back to Germany from where he had emigrated to Israel over 50 years earlier. (1980–1999)
  • Steven Langnas, first German (descendance) Chief Rabbi and Av Beth Din of Munich (1999–2011)

Netherlands – Inter-Provincial Chief rabbinate

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New York, New York – United States

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  • Jacob Joseph (1840–1902) was the only true Ashkenazi chief rabbi of New York City; there was never a Sephardi chief rabbi, although Dr. David DeSola Pool acted as a leader among the Sepharadim and was also respected as such. Others it has been said claimed the title of Chief Rabbi; eventually, the title became worthless through dilution.[citation needed]
  • Chaim Jacob Wiedrewitz was the Chassidic chief rabbi of New York and Pennsylvania;[citation needed] he was previously the Chassidic Rav of Moscow and was officially called as "The Moskover Rav", immigrated in 1893 and died in 1911, he's buried in the Chabad society of the Bayside Cemetery in Ozone Park NY.
  • Jacob S. Kassin was the Chief Rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community of New York 1930–1995.[citation needed]
  • Leibish Wolowsky was the chief rabbi of the Galician community of NYC 1888–1913, he was previously the rabbi of Sambor, Austria and immigrated to the US in 1888. He died in 1913 and is buried in the Achum Ahuvim of Reizow at the Mount Zion Cemetery in Maspeth NY.[citation needed]
  • Avrohom Aharon Yudelevitz who was previously the rav of Manchester, England was accepted in 1919 as the chief rabbi of the Jewish Arbitration Court of NYC. He authored many books on Jewish law and responsa. He died in 1930 and is buried in family plot at the Bayside cemetery in Ozone Park NY.[citation needed]

Nové Zámky, Slovakia

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Paris, France

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Rome, Italy

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Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Shanghai, China

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Sofia, Bulgaria

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St. Louis, Missouri – United States

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  • Chaim Fischel Epstein
  • Menachem Zvi Eichenstein (1943–1982)
  • Sholom Rivkin (1983–2011)[64]

Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

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Sephardi

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Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Vienna, Austria

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Warsaw, Poland

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Würzburg, Germany

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Zagreb, Croatia

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"Grand Rabbi"

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Occasionally, the term "Grand Rabbi" is used to note a Hasidic Rebbe, particularly used on letterhead when the letterhead is in English.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cameron Brown. "Rabbi Ovadia Yosef And His Culture War in Israel". Meria.idc.ac.il. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  2. ^ "Judaism: The Chief Rabbinate". The Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  3. ^ Himelstein, Shmuel (2011). "Chief Rabbinate". In Berlin, Adele (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-973004-9. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  4. ^ Kaplan Appel, Tamar, ed. (3 August 2010). "Crown Rabbi". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300119039. OCLC 170203576. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  5. ^ "Chief rabbi installed in Albania". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 12 December 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  6. ^ "Jewish Travel Advisor". Jewish Travel Advisor. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  7. ^ "Jews of Bulgaria". geni_family_tree.
  8. ^ "Chinuch.org::Gedolim Yahrtzeits". chinuch.org.
  9. ^ Goldstein, Jack (18 March 2021). "Entrevista con el Gran Rabino del Centro Israelita de Bogotá, Alfredo Goldschmidt". Valija de Apócrifos (in Spanish).
  10. ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (24 October 2007). "Judíos llegaron para quedarse en la localidad de Chapinero". El Tiempo.
  11. ^ "Clergy – B'nai Sephardim Synagogue". mybnai.com.
  12. ^ Rabbis of Chilean Masorti Forum meet with Mr. Zeev Bielsky Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Masorti World
  13. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour Cuba Jewish Virtual Library
  14. ^ The Jewish Traveler: Havana[permanent dead link] Hadassah Magazine
  15. ^ "Pope Francis meets with Chief Rabbi of Cyprus – Vatican News". vaticannews.va. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  16. ^ BILEFSKY, DAN (10 May 2009). "Hard Times Give New Life to Prague's Golem". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  17. ^ a b Elsebeth Paikin (21 May 2004). "Rabbis in Denmark – JewishGen Scandinavia SIG". Jewishgen.org. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Muir, Simo; Tuori, Riikka (2019). "'The Golden Chain of Pious Rabbis': the origin and development of Finnish Jewish Orthodoxy". Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies. 30 (1): 8–34. doi:10.30752/nj.77253. ISSN 2343-4929. S2CID 191845568.
  19. ^ YIVO Inst. for, Jewish Research. "Josephinian Reforms". YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. YIVO Inst. for Jewish Research. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  20. ^ YIVO Ins. for, Jewish Research. "Galicia". YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. YIVO Inst. for Jewish Research. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  21. ^ Jewish, Telegraphic Agency (29 August 1928). "Vacancy in Lemberg". jta.org. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  22. ^ "First Chief Rabbi of Honduras will be its only religious Jew". Israel National News.
  23. ^ "Issachar Berush Eskeles". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
  24. ^ "Weiss, Joseph Hirsch". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  25. ^ "RootsWeb: WISE-L [WISE] Treasure found – autobiography of Stephen WISE". Archiver.rootsweb.com. 28 April 2001. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  26. ^ Chabad on Line (19 July 2009). "Ireland's De facto Chief Rabbi". collive.
  27. ^ "Rabbi Yoni Wieder appointed as Rabbi of the Republic of Ireland. – the Rabbinic Training Academy".
  28. ^ [1][dead link]
  29. ^ "CHIEF RABBI SALANT DIES IN JERUSALEM; Head of the Ashkanezic Congregationalists Was an Eminent Talmudist. A FRIEND OF MONTEFIORE Collected Donations for the Building of New Synagogue Bet Ya'akob – Favorite of His People". The New York Times. 17 August 1909. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  30. ^ "Japan Gets First-Ever Chief Rabbi". 17 September 2015.
  31. ^ "MOORISH JEWS GRATEFUL.; Chief Rabbi Thanks Us for Our Action at Algeciras Conference" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 June 1906.
  32. ^ "Le nouveau grand rabbin du Maroc a été nommé". Al HuffPost Maghreb (in French). 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  33. ^ "Israeli Rabbi Michael Melchior Seen as Contender for Britain's Chief Rabbi Post". Haaretz.
  34. ^ "Nuestra Comunidad". Certificación Kosher (in Spanish).
  35. ^ Reiner, Elchanan (11 October 2010). "Pollak, Ya'akov ben Yosef". YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Translated by Jeffrey Green.
  36. ^ "Singapore, a 'Model of Religious Harmony' – an Interview With Chief Rabbi Mordechai Abergel – Hamodia.com". Hamodia. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  37. ^ "N.J. native left home to become chief rabbi to 400 Slovak Jews". J. 4 December 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  38. ^ Abboudi, Daisy. "Tales of Jewish Sudan".
  39. ^ "Rymer Toedera," i. 591
  40. ^ a b c Yerushaseinu 5771 (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  41. ^ "Sephardim vote in new rabbinic head with massive majority".
  42. ^ Sarna, Jonathan (2004). American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-300-10976-8. chief rabbi.
  43. ^ "In Bukhara, 10,000 Jewish Graves but Just 150 Jews". The New York Times. 7 April 2018.
  44. ^ a b Bleich, J.D. (1989). Contemporary Halakhic Problems; Volume 16. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 63–4. ISBN 978-0-88125-315-3.
  45. ^ "Hakham Emeritus Dr. P. Toledano – Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente". Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  46. ^ "Gateshead Crowns Its New Rov". www.theyeshivaworld.com. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  47. ^ Sugarman, Daniel. "Federation of Synagogues hires Rabbi Shraga Feivel Zimmerman, current head rabbi of Gateshead, as new Av Beth Din". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  48. ^ Title page of Malki Ba-Kodesh, vol. 2; Hoboken, 1921
  49. ^ "Biography of Rabbi Chaim Berlin (1832-1912)". Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  50. ^ a b "Bnei Brak rabbi named to new beit din post". 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  51. ^ "Frum Jewish News". The Yeshiva World. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  52. ^ "Jewish Community Council Montreal | Rabbi's| Our Rabbi's | Meet Our Rabbi's | JCC Montreal". 9 November 2018.
  53. ^ "Grand Rabbinat du Québec". Rabbinat.qc.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  54. ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan Exiled from Russia, Pinchas Goldschmidt is formally out as Moscow’s chief rabbi after 29 years Jewish Telegraphic Agency 6 July 2022 https://www.jta.org/2022/07/06/global/exiled-from-russia-pinchas-goldschmidt-is-formally-out-as-moscows-chief-rabbi-after-29-years
  55. ^ a b "Rab. Y. Ehrenberg – Jewish Community of Berlin". Jg-berlin.org. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  56. ^ "Consistoire – Consistoire de paris". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  57. ^ a b c d http://www.archieven.nl/pls/m/zk2.inv?p_q=64729996[permanent dead link]
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacobs, Joseph; Slijper, E. "Netherlands". The Jewish Encyclopedia. The names of the chief rabbis of Rotterdam are: Judah Salomon (1682); Solomon Ezekiel (1725–35; his salary was 305 gulden); Judah Ezekiel, son of the preceding (1738–55); Abraham Judah Ezekiel, son of the preceding (1755–79); Judah Akiba Eger (1779; left in 1781); Levie Hyman Breslau, author of "Pene Aryeh" (1781–1807); Elijah Casriel, from Leeuwarden (1815–33); E.J. Löwenstamm, grandson of L.H. Breslau (1834–45); Joseph Isaacson (1850–71; removed to Filehne as a result of dissensions in the community); B. Ritter (since 1884).
  59. ^ Jizkor Platenatlas. 1978. p. 37.
  60. ^ Landman, Isaac (1941). The Universal Jewish encyclopedia. Vol. 5. ... and the chief rabbi of Rotterdam, Aryeh Leib Breslau (1781–1809)
  61. ^ Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 522. In 1885 werd rabbijn dr Bernard Löbel Ritter tot rabbijn van Rotterdam benoemd.
  62. ^ a b c Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 526. Na het ontslag van Ritter in 1928 werd het twee jaar lang waargenomen door de opperrabbijn van Zwolle, Simon JS Hirsch. In 1930 vond de joodse gemeente opperrabbijn Aaron Jissachar (ABN) Davids (1895–1944) van Friesland bereid naar Rotterdam te komen. Hij werd nog datzelfde jaar benoemd.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 531. Het opperrabinaat werd in de naoorlogse periode waargenomen door de opperrabbijn van Amsterdam Justus Tal (van 1945 tot '54) en vervolgens door chacham SA Rodrigues Pereira (van 1954 tot '59). Vanaf 1946 had rabbijn Levie Vorst (1903–'87) de dagelijkse leiding van de gemeente. Direct na het afleggen van het hoogste rabbinale examen werd hij benoemd tot opperrabijn, hetgeen hij bleef aan tot zijn immigratie naar Israël in 1971. Hij werd opgevolgd door Daniël Kahn (van 1972 tot '75) en Albert Hutterer (van 1975 tot '77). Na diens vertrek heeft Rotterdam het een tijd zonder rabbijn gesteld. Van 1986 tot '88 was Dov Salzmann rabbijn.
  64. ^ "Rebbetzin Paula Rivkin remembered as 'woman of valor' – St. Louis Jewish Light: Local News – Rebbetzin Paula Rivkin remembered as 'woman of valor': Local News". Stljewishlight.com. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
[edit]
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