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Stinky tofu

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Stinky tofu
Place of originChina
Region or stateEast Asia
Main ingredientsfermented tofu
Stinky tofu
Chinese臭豆腐
Literal meaningstinky tofu
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinchòu dòufu
Gan
Romanizationchhiu2 theu5 fuh
Hakka
RomanizationTshu-theu-fú
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingcau3 dau6 fu6
Southern Min
Hokkien POJchhàu-tāu-hū

Stinky tofu (Chinese: 臭豆腐; pinyin: chòu dòufu) is a Chinese form of fermented tofu that has a strong odor. It is usually sold at night markets or roadside stands as a snack, or in lunch bars as a side dish, rather than in restaurants. Traditionally the dish is fermented in a brine with vegetables and meat, sometimes for months. Modern factory-produced stinky tofu is marinated in brine for one or two days to add odor. Generally speaking, stinky tofu is mainly made of tofu. After fermentation of edible mold, tofu can produce a large number of B vitamins, a variety of minerals and trace elements. The flavor of stinky tofu is bitter.

Production

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Unlike cheese[citation needed], stinky tofu fermentation does not have a fixed formula for starter bacteria; wide regional and individual variations exist in manufacturing and preparation.

The traditional method of producing stinky tofu is to prepare a brine made from fermented milk, vegetables, and meat; the brine can also include dried shrimp, amaranth greens, mustard greens, bamboo shoots, and Chinese herbs.[1] The brine fermentation can take as long as several months.

Modern factories often use quicker methods to mass-produce stinky tofu. Fresh tofu is marinated in prepared brine for only a day or two, especially for fried or boiled cooking purposes.[2] The process only adds odor to the marinated tofu instead of letting it ferment completely.

Depending on the method of production, some stinky tofu can be linked to food poisoning outbreaks, especially if prepared traditionally and cooked at home.[3]

Preparation

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Stinky tofu in Beijing

Stinky tofu can be eaten cold, steamed, stewed, or, most commonly, deep-fried, and it is often accompanied by chili sauce or soy sauce. The color varies from the golden, fried Zhejiang-style to the black, typical of Hunan-style stinky tofu.[1]

From a distance, the odor of stinky tofu is said to resemble that of rotten garbage or smelly feet.[4][5] Some people have compared it to the taste of blue cheese, while others have compared it to rotten meat. It is said that the more it smells, the better its flavor.[1][5]

History

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Blackened, Hunan-style stinky tofu

According to a Chinese legend, a scholar named Wang Zhihe (王致和) hailing from Huang Shan in Anhui Province invented stinky tofu during the Qing dynasty.[6] After failing the imperial examination, Wang stayed in Beijing and relied on selling tofu to make a living. One day, having a huge quantity of unsold tofu on his hands, he cut the tofu into small cubes and put them into an earthen jar.[7] In a legend, Wang Zhihe also wrote a poem titled "Stinky Tofu, National Fragrance."[citation needed]

The stinky tofu that Wang Zhihe invented gained popularity and was later served at the imperial Qing Dynasty palace. The dish has now become extremely popular in Taiwan.[5]

Chemical analysis

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A 2012 chemical analysis found 39 volatile organic compounds that contributed to the unique smell and taste of fermented stinky tofu. The main volatile compound was indole, which has an intense fecal odor,[8] followed by dimethyl trisulfide, phenol, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl tetrasulfide.[9]

Nevertheless, there have been reported cases of food scandals in China where stinky tofu is made with dead snails, fecal matter and rancid meat for odour enhancement. People who have consumed it reportedly became ill and required hospitalization.[10]

In the town of Pingyao, China, authorities have taken strict enforcement actions against those who sell and consume stinky tofu, due to multiple complaints from tourists and negative traits associated with stinky tofu caused by the unpleasant odour of stinky tofu, as well as possible food poisoning caused by the consumption of ill-prepared stinky tofu.[11]

Around the world

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A stinky tofu stall in Keelung, Taiwan
A vendor preparing stinking tofu at Xincheng Night Market, Hualien

China

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Stinky tofu is made and consumed in different ways in various areas of China. For example, the types of dried stinky tofu made in Changsha and Shaoxing are made using different methods, and the resulting flavors are very different.[12] Huo Gong Dian (a stinky tofu shop in Changsha) makes the tofu with yellow soybeans marinated in seasoning. The stinky tofu sold in Tianjin is made mostly in the Nanjing style, with a mild aroma. In Shanghai, stinky tofu is fried and sold on the street, typically served with a spicy or sweet sauce much like the Shaoxing variety. It is also served as a condiment to congee, often as a part of a regular breakfast meal. In Chongqing, stinky tofu on the street is usually fried and dipped in a mixture of, typically, coriander (cilantro) leaves, scallions, chili powder, Sichuan pepper and oil. Stinky tofu is also sometimes dipped in Sichuan spicy hot pot. In Beijing, there is a form that is sold in jar as a curd.

Changsha-style stinky tofu
Sichuan-style (Málà chòu dòufu) numbing spicy stinky tofu

Hong Kong

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In Hong Kong, stinky tofu is a street food. It is deep-fried fresh at hawkers' stalls and at dai pai dongs and sold by the bag. Stinky tofu in Hong Kong is typically served deep-fried and eaten with hoisin sauce.[13]

Anhui

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In Anhui, the perceived deliciousness of stinky tofu depends mainly on its spiciness: the spicier it is, the more it suits the local favor.[14] Chinese legend says that stinky tofu was invented by a man from Anhui province, and indeed it is common to attribute the creation of tofu dishes in general to Anhui cuisine, as Anhui is seen as the birthplace of tofu.[15]

Changsha, Hunan

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Stinky tofu is a symbol of Changsha street snack, also called chou ganzi (smelly jerky) by local people.[16] Changsha stinky tofu is famous of its spicy flavor. Different than Sichuan stinky tofu, Changsha-style has black crackling. Changsha stinky tofu is made from brine composed of winter bamboo shoots, koji, and shiitake mushrooms. After the surface grows white hair-like filaments, and once it turns grey, the stinky tofu is ready to be fried. Chopped mustard, chili, and shallot are regular toppings on Changsha stinky tofu.[17] Along with Xiangtan lotus seeds and Yongfeng chili sauce, Changsha stinky tofu is known as one of "Hunan Sanbao" or one of Hunan's three treasures.[18]

Nanjing, Jiangsu

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There is one famous kind of stinky tofu in Nanjing, called "Gaochun stinky tofu". It has different kinds of brine than Changsha style stinky tofu. The brine needs to be made of rotten pickles and its stinky smell will be very natural. Similar to Changsha-style stinky tofu, it also has black crackling.[citation needed]

Sichuan

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In Sichuan, stinky tofu is often flavored with mala, a spicy and numbing seasoning made from chilli and Sichuan peppercorns.[19] Sichuan-style stinky tofu does not need to be deep fried in the oil, so it does not have black cracklings. It needs to be stirred fried and boiled with different kinds of spices.[citation needed]

Fried stinky tofu

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Fried stinky tofu is the most common variety found in Taiwanese night markets and is considered to be less pungent than other varieties. It is almost always served with pickled cabbage and garlic sauce.[20]

Steamed stinky tofu

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Steamed stinky tofu in Taiwan is considered to be the most pungent variety of stinky tofu available. It is typically served with pickled cabbage, chili sauce, and garlic sauce.[20]

Stewed stinky tofu

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Stewed stinky tofu is served in a thick soup. A Sichuan mala base is often used, but can vary. The spicy broth of a mala base is said to be able to mask the smell and taste of the tofu.[20]

Barbecued stinky tofu

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Barbecued stinky tofu is a popular stinky tofu variety believed to have originated in Taipei's Shenkeng District, and is served in many of Taiwan's night markets. It is often described as have a nutty, smooth center and a spongy outer skin.[21] Cubes of stinky tofu are speared on a bamboo skewer are roasted over charcoal with roasted meat sauce. Because of the huge amount of seasonings, the unpleasant odor of barbecued stinky tofu is comparatively weaker. Therefore, barbecued stinky tofu is always recommended for people trying stinky tofu for the first time.[22]

Taiwan

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In Taiwan, stinky tofu is commonly found at stalls in night markets. Taiwanese stinky tofu is cooked with many methods including frying, steaming, cooking in soup, and barbecuing, but is most commonly found in its fried form.[23] The Shenkeng Old Street in New Taipei's Shenkeng District is known for having an entire boulevard dedicated to eateries serving Taiwanese varieties of stinky tofu.[24]

United States

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Stinky tofu can also be found in specialty restaurants in some parts of the United States (with preparation methods altered where needed to comply with U.S. food safety laws).[4][5][25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Xiaomi, Tan (2 June 2006). "Stand back! Stinky tofu chain stores arrive in Shenzhen". Shenzhen Daily. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013.
  2. ^ 臭豆腐秘密基地 直擊製作過程!. 華視新聞網. 8 October 2009.
  3. ^ "Stinky Tofu is unsafe for consumption".
  4. ^ a b Nguyen, C. Thi (10 November 2011). "The Find: Stinky tofu restaurant may find converts". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 15 September 2018. Tofu King has opened a second eatery in Arcadia, which is good news to those seeking the Taiwanese, deep-fried fermented dish. [...] But this is not a masochist's stinky tofu. This is a subtle, carefully controlled, artful bit of fermented snackery. The stuff is almost delicate. If blue cheeses and stinky tofus are the foods that smell like feet, this stinky tofu smells like Natalie Portman's feet — at least in a fanboy's imagination. [...] The tofu burial ought to last for a week, and that's how they used to do it, but the health department didn't approve, so they've shortened the fermentation bath to three days. Thus: half-ripened, gateway stinky tofu. [...] The original Rowland Heights branch of Tofu King reigns over a small shopping mall alleyway food court. [...] The original branch is still around and is still tops for old-school Chinese night-market, street-food charm, but for maximum culinary pleasure, follow Mel Chang to the new Arcadia branch.
  5. ^ a b c d Ku, Henry (13 December 2013). "Stinky Tofu in Seattle: Why You Should Try This Strange Snack | Henry's Taiwan Kitchen". HenrysTaiwanKitchen.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2019. Some say it smells like dirty socks, while others say its stench is akin to that of rotting cheese, dirty garbage, or manure. [...] Stinky tofu fans claim that the more stinky the tofu, the tastier it is. [...] Stinky tofu is said to have its roots in the southeastern maritime areas of China. According to legend, a tofu vendor named Wang Zhi He invented stinky tofu during the Qing dynasty. He had a lot of unsold tofu, so he cut it into small cubes and put it in a jar for several days. The tofu fermented and turned a greenish color. He tried the smelly tofu and found that it tasted delicious, so he decided to start selling it at his store. [...] Henry's Taiwan Kitchen is a leading Taiwanese restaurant with locations in Seattle, Washington and Tempe, Arizona. Get your stinky tofu fix and sample other authentic Taiwanese dishes at Henry's Taiwan Kitchen!
  6. ^ Ezrati, Or (23 October 2012). "This Wonder, This Miracle, This Stinky Tofu". Haaretz.
  7. ^ "Kaleidoscope: Food Culture: Wang Zhihe Fermented Bean Curd". kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  8. ^ Liu, Yuping; Miao, Zhiwei; Guan, Wei; Sun, Baoguo (26 March 2012). "Analysis of Organic Volatile Flavor Compounds in Fermented Stinky Tofu Using SPME with Different Fiber Coatings". Molecules. 17 (4): 3708–3722. doi:10.3390/molecules17043708. PMC 6268145. PMID 22450681.
  9. ^ Liu, Yuping; Miao, Zhiwei; Guan, Wei; Sun, Baoguo (26 March 2012). "Analysis of Organic Volatile Flavor Compounds in Fermented Stinky Tofu Using SPME with Different Fiber Coatings". Molecules. 17 (4): 3708–3722. doi:10.3390/molecules17043708. PMC 6268145. PMID 22450681.
  10. ^ "Stinky tofu contains fecal matter and causes food poisoning".
  11. ^ "Chinese town dwellers ban smelly tofu, warn eateries".
  12. ^ Maston, Tiana (2 May 2018). "Stinky Tofu- The Healthy and Easy Way". Yum China. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Stinky tofu is a celebration of the beautiful stank". The Takeout. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Yahoo雅虎香港". Retrieved 1 March 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Stinky Tofu in Chinese Food Wiki". Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  16. ^ "Netizens selected top ten local cultural specialties". China News Service. 12 April 2017.
  17. ^ Yuan, Xiwei (28 September 2018). "The difference between Changsha stinky tofu and Shaoxing stinky tofu". Zhifure. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Yongfeng hot sauce (China Protected Geographical Indication Products)". Government of China 6. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  19. ^ Lin, M.Paramita (12 June 2018). "Stinky tofu is a celebration of the beautiful stank". The Takeout. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  20. ^ a b c "Taiwanese Stinky Tofu - Taiwan's Most Iconic Street Food Dish". Big Little Island. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  21. ^ Kelly, Robert. "A Taiwanese stinky tofu tour". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  22. ^ Planet, Lonely. "A Stinky Tofu Tour in Taipei, Taiwan". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  23. ^ Horton, Chris (19 November 2017). "Where Stinky Tofu Is at Its Malodorous Best". New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  24. ^ Mulyanto, Randy. "Taipei's tasty 'House of Stink'". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  25. ^ Sakai, Shuji (9 July 2013). "Tofu King Opens in Irvine". OC Weekly. Retrieved 15 September 2018. The Orange Tree Square Shopping Center, a small shopping center backed up hard against the 5 freeway at Jeffrey Road, gains another strong player in the cuisine of that nation. This is the first Orange County location of Tofu King, which has other shops in Rowland Heights and Arcadia. It joins other Taiwanese heavyweights as 101 Noodle Express, Liang's Kitchen, Yu's Garden, Home Town Deli, and Lao Dong Beef Noodles.
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