Luigi Longo

Luigi Longo
General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party
In office 22 August 1964 – 16 March 1972
Preceded by	Palmiro Togliatti
Succeeded by	Enrico Berlinguer
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office 8 May 1948 – 16 October 1980
Constituency	Milan
Member of the Constituent Assembly
In office 25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948
Constituency	Milan
Personal details
Born	15 March 1900 Fubine, Italy
Died	16 October 1980(1980-10-16) (aged 80) Rome, Italy
Political party	PCI (1921–1980) PSI (before 1921)

Luigi Longo (15 March 1900 – 16 October 1980), also known as Gallo, was an Italian communist politician and general secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1964 to 1972. He was also the first foreigner to be awarded an Order of Lenin.

Early life

Longo was born in Fubine, in the province of Alessandria, Piedmont. As a student at the Politecnico di Torino, he became active in the youth wing of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), and engaged in political propaganda from a Marxist perspective. He was a regular visitor to the offices of L'Ordine Nuovo, the newspaper founded by Antonio Gramsci, and became acquainted with Gramsci and Palmiro Togliatti. In 1921, at the Livorno Congress of the PSI, he was one of the instigators of the split in the party, when supporters of Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik line left to form the Italian Communist Party (PCI). He became a leading figure in the new PCI along with Togliatti, Gramsci and others.

Photo of Longo after his arrest in 1930

Longo was a fervent anti-fascist, and, when Benito Mussolini established his Fascist regime in Italy in 1922, he emigrated to France where he became one of the principal leaders of the PCI. In the same year, he was a member of a delegation to the Comintern Congress in Moscow, where he met Lenin. He would return to Moscow several times in the years to come, with a specific expertise in political ideology, and was to meet Joseph Stalin and other members of the Soviet Union leadership. In 1933 he became a member of the Comintern's political commission. In 1934 he signed a joint action agreement between the PCI and the PSI.

Spanish Civil War and Resistance

Longo took part in the Spanish Civil War as an inspector of the Republican troops in the International Brigades under the leadership of Randolfo Pacciardi, and took the nom de guerre Gallo. After the defeat of the Second Spanish Republic by General Franco, he returned to France.

Longo and Pietro Nenni during the Spanish Civil War

Following the 1940 invasion of France, the Vichy-based collaborationist government was established under Philippe Pétain. Longo was arrested and detained in an internment camp at Vernet from 1939 to 1941. There he made the acquaintance of Leo Valiani, among other left-wing radicals. In 1941 he was handed over to the Italian fascist authorities and interned at Ventotene. When Mussolini fell from power on 25 July 1943, Longo was released. After Mussolini regained control of Northern Italy (which he led as the Italian Social Republic), Longo took command of the Garibaldi Brigades, the communist forces in the Italian partisan resistance. Longo became deputy commander of the Gruppo volontari per la liberta ("Group of Volunteers for Freedom"), and a close collaborator of Ferruccio Parri; in April 1945 Longo was one of the leading figures of the uprising in northern Italy. It was at Dongo on Lake Como on 28 April 1945 and whilst being escorted by the Garibaldi Brigade partisans that Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci were executed; the extent to which Longo took part in the killings has been the subject of dispute by historians.

Post-war

After the war, he was a member of the National Congress and in 1946 was elected to the Constituent Assembly. Also in 1946, Teresa Mattei chose the mimosa as the symbol of International Women's Day at the request of Longo. He was subsequently elected, and repeatedly re-elected, to the Italian Chamber of Deputies on the PCI list and was a member of the party leadership. In 1964, after the death of Palmiro Togliatti, he became secretary of the PCI, declaring that he was "a secretary, not a boss". In this role, he continued Togliatti's line, known as the "Italian road to Socialism", playing down the alliance between the Italian Communist Party and the Soviet Union. He reacted without hostility to the new left movements that sprang up in 1968 and, among the leaders of the PCI, was one of those most disposed to engage with the new activists, although he did not condone their excesses.

Longo and Togliatti during the VIII Congress of the PCI, 1956

In late 1968 Longo suffered a stroke; although he partially recovered in the subsequent months, from February 1969 he was assisted in most decisions by Enrico Berlinguer acting as vice-secretary. In 1972 Longo resigned from the position of party secretary, supporting the choice of Berlinguer as his successor. From that year until his death, eight years later in Rome, he was honorary president of the PCI. In that capacity, he expressed his opposition to the "national solidarity" line the PCI was later to espouse.

Longo was also a prolific writer. He was the founder of Vie Nuove, a popular magazine of the Communist Party.

Electoral history

Election	House	Constituency	Party		Votes	Result
1946	Constituent Assembly	Milan–Pavia		PCI	46,298	Y Elected
1948	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		FDP	76,725	Y Elected
1953	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	58,384	Y Elected
1958	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	40,480	Y Elected
1963	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	65,779	Y Elected
1968	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	80,080	Y Elected
1972	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	75,429	Y Elected
1976	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	110,569	Y Elected
1979	Chamber of Deputies	Milan–Pavia		PCI	83,913	Y Elected

Sources

• Aldo Agosti, ed. (1992). Luigi Longo: la politica e l'azione. Rome: Editori Riuniti. ISBN 88-359-3603-9.
• Aldo Agosti (1999). Storia del Partito comunista italiano: 1921-1991. Rome - Bari: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-5965-X.