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This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see Samson (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sampson, Sanson, Samsun, or Son of Sam.

Samson
Samson's Fight with the Lion (1525) by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Resting placeZorah, Nahal Sorek
PredecessorAbdon
SuccessorEli
PartnerDelilah
Parents
Judges in the Hebrew Bible
שופטים‎
Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges
Book of Exodus
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
First Book of Samuel

Samson (/ˈsæmsən/; Hebrew: שִׁמְשׁוֹן Šīmšōn "man of the sun")[1][a] was the last of the judges of the ancient Israelites mentioned in the Book of Judges (chapters 13 to 16) and one of the last leaders who "judged" Israel before the institution of the monarchy. He is sometimes considered as an Israelite version of the popular Near Eastern folk hero also embodied by the Sumerian Gilgamesh and Enkidu, as well as the Greek Heracles.[2] Samson was given superhuman powers by God in the form of extreme strength.

The biblical account states that Samson was a Nazirite and that he was given immense strength to aid him against his enemies and allow him to perform superhuman feats,[3] including slaying a lion with his bare hands and massacring a Philistine army with a donkey's jawbone after offending groomsmen at his wedding to one. The cutting of Samson's long hair would violate his Nazirite vow and nullify his ability.[4]

Samson is betrayed by his lover Delilah, who, sent by Philistine officials to entice him,[5] orders a servant to cut his hair while he is sleeping and turns him over to the Philistines, who gouge out his eyes and force him to mill grain at Gaza City. While there, his hair begins to grow again. When the Philistines take Samson into their temple of Dagon, Samson asks to rest against one of the support pillars. After being granted permission, he prays to God and miraculously recovers his strength, allowing him to bring down the columns – collapsing the temple and killing both himself and the Philistines. In some Jewish traditions, Samson is believed to have been buried in Zorah in Israel overlooking the Sorek valley (also considered his birthplace).[6]

Samson has been the subject of rabbinic, Christian, and Islamic commentary, with some Christians viewing him as a type of Jesus, based on similarities between their lives. Notable depictions of Samson include John Milton's closet drama Samson Agonistes and Cecil B. DeMille's 1949 Hollywood film Samson and Delilah. Samson also plays a major role in Western art and traditions.

Biblical narrative

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Birth

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See also: Nazirite
The Sacrifice of Manoah (1640–50) by Eustache Le Sueur

According to the account in the Book of Judges, Samson lived during a time of repeated conflict between Israel and Philistia, when God was disciplining the Israelites by giving them "into the hand of the Philistines".[7] Manoah was an Israelite from Zorah, descended from the Danites,[8] and his wife had been unable to conceive.[9][10] The Angel of the Lord appears to Manoah's wife and proclaims that the couple would soon have a son who would begin to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines.[11]

The Angel of the Lord states that Manoah's wife was to abstain[12] from all alcoholic drinks, unclean foods, and her promised child was not to shave or cut his hair. He was to be a Nazirite from birth. In ancient Israel, those wanting to be especially dedicated to God for a time could take a Nazirite vow which included abstaining from wine and spirits, not cutting hair or shaving, and other requirements.[9][10][11] Manoah's wife believes the Angel of the Lord; her husband was not present, so he prays and asks God to send the messenger once again to teach them how to raise the boy who is going to be born.

After the Angel of the Lord returns, Manoah asks him his name, but he says, "Why do you ask my name? It is beyond understanding."[13] Manoah then prepares a sacrifice, but the Angel of the Lord will only allow it to be for God. He touches it with his staff, miraculously engulfing it in flames, and then ascends into the sky in the fire. This is such dramatic evidence of the nature of the Messenger that Manoah fears for his life, since it was said that no one could live after seeing God. However, his wife convinces him that, if God planned to slay them, he would never have revealed such things to them. In due time, their son Samson is born, and he is raised according to the angel's instructions.[10][11]

Marriage to a Philistine

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See also: Samson's riddle

When he is a young adult, Samson leaves the hills of his people to see the cities of Philistia. He falls in love with a Philistine woman from Timnah, whom he decides to marry, ignoring the objections of his parents over the fact that she is not an Israelite.[10][11][14] In the development of the narrative, the intended marriage is shown to be part of God's plan to strike at the Philistines.[11]

According to the biblical account, Samson is repeatedly seized by the "Spirit of the Lord," who blesses him with immense strength. The first instance of this is seen when Samson is on his way to ask for the Philistine woman's hand in marriage, when he is attacked by a lion. He simply grabs it and rips it apart, as the spirit of God divinely empowers him. However, Samson keeps it a secret, not even mentioning the miracle to his parents.[11][15][16] He arrives at the Philistine's house and becomes betrothed to her. He returns home, then comes back to Timnah some time later for the wedding. On his way, Samson sees that bees have nested in the carcass of the lion and made honey.[11][16] He eats a handful of the honey and gives some to his parents.[11]

At the wedding feast, Samson tells a riddle to his thirty groomsmen (all Philistines). If they can solve it, he will give them thirty pieces of fine linen and garments, but if they cannot they must give him thirty pieces of fine linen and garments.[10][11] The riddle is a veiled account of two encounters with the lion, at which only he was present:[11][16]

Out of the eater came something to eat.
Out of the strong came something sweet.[17]

The Philistines are infuriated by the riddle.[11] The thirty groomsmen tell Samson's new wife that they will burn her and her father's household if she did not discover the answer to the riddle and tell it to them.[11][16] At the urgent and tearful imploring of his bride, Samson gives her the solution, and she passes it on to the thirty groomsmen.[10][11]

Samson Slays a Thousand Men with the Jawbone of an Ass (c. 1896–1902) by James Tissot

Before sunset on the seventh day, they say to him,

What is sweeter than honey?
and what is stronger than a lion?

Samson replies,

If you had not plowed with my heifer,
you would not have solved my riddle.[18]

Samson then travels to Ashkelon (a distance of roughly 30 miles) where he strikes down thirty Philistines for their garments; he then returns and gives those garments to his thirty groomsmen.[10][16] [19] In a rage, Samson returns to his father's house. The family of his bride instead give her to one of the groomsmen as wife.[10][16] Some time later, Samson returns to Timnah to visit his wife, unaware that she is now married to one of his former groomsmen. But her father refuses to allow Samson to see her, offering to give Samson a younger sister instead.[10]

Samson goes out, gathers 300 foxes, and ties them together in pairs by their tails. He then attaches a burning torch to each pair of foxes' tails and turns them loose in the grain fields and olive groves of the Philistines.[20] The Philistines learn why Samson burned their crops and burn Samson's wife and father-in-law to death in retribution.[10][21]

In revenge, Samson slaughters many Philistines, saying, "I have done to them what they did to me."[10] Samson then takes refuge in a cave in the rock of Etam.[10][22] An army of Philistines go to the tribe of Judah and demand that 3,000 men of Judah deliver them Samson.[10][22] With Samson's consent, given on the condition that the Judahites would not kill him themselves, they tie him with two new ropes and are about to hand him over to the Philistines when he breaks free of the ropes.[21][22] Using the jawbone of an ass, he slays 1,000 Philistines.[21][22][23]

Delilah

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Samson and Delilah (1887) by Jose Etxenagusia

Later, Samson travels to Gaza, where he sees a prostitute (Hebrew: אִשָּׁ֣ה זוֹנָ֔ה) and visits her.[22] His enemies wait at the gate of the city to ambush him, but he tears the gate from its very hinges and frame and carries it to "the hill that is in front of Hebron".[22]

He then falls in love with Delilah in the valley of Sorek.[19][21][22][24] The Philistines approach Delilah and induce her with 1,100 silver coins to find the secret of Samson's strength so that they can capture their enemy,[22] but Samson refuses to reveal the secret and teases her, telling her that he will lose his strength if he is bound with fresh bowstrings.[22] She does so while he sleeps, but when he wakes up he snaps the strings.[22] She persists, and he tells her that he can be bound with new ropes. She ties him up with new ropes while he sleeps, and he snaps them, too.[22] She asks again, and he says that he can be bound if his locks are woven into a weaver's loom.[22] She weaves them into a loom, but he simply destroys the entire loom and carries it off when he wakes.[22]

Delilah, however, persists and Samson finally capitulates and tells Delilah that God supplies his power because of his consecration to God as a Nazirite, symbolized by the fact that a razor has never touched his head and that if his hair is cut off the vow would be broken and he would lose his strength.[25][26][24] Delilah then woos him to sleep "in her lap" and called in the servants to cut his hair.


Pushing or pulling?
Pushing
Pulling
According to the biblical narrative, Samson died when he grasped two pillars of the Temple of Dagon and "bowed himself with all his might" (Judges 16:30, KJV). This has been variously interpreted as Samson pushing the pillars apart (left) or pulling them together (right).

Death

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One day, the Philistine leaders assemble in a temple for a religious sacrifice to Dagon, one of their most important deities, for having delivered Samson into their hands.[22][27] They summon Samson so that people can watch him perform for them. The temple is so crowded that people are even climbing onto the roof to watch – and all the rulers of the entire government of Philistia have gathered there too, some 3,000 people in all.[24][27][28] Samson is led into the temple, and he asks his captors to let him lean against the supporting pillars to rest. However, while in prison his hair had begun to grow again.[29] He prays for strength and God gives him strength to break the pillars, causing the temple to collapse, killing him and the people inside.[30]

After his death, Samson's family recovered his body from the rubble and buried him near the tomb of his father Manoah.[27] A tomb structure which some attribute to Samson and his father stands on the top of the mountain in Tel Tzora,[31] although a separate tradition passed down by the traveler Isaac Chelo in 1334 alleges that Samson was buried at the monument known as al-Jārib in Sheikh Abū Mezār, a village (now ruin) located near Tel Beit Shemesh.[32] Near the village there used to be shown a hewn rock, known as Qal'at al-mafrazah, on whose top and sides are quarried different impressions and thought to be the altar built by Manoah.[32] At the conclusion of Judges 16, it is said that Samson had "judged" Israel for twenty years.[22]

Interpretations

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Rabbinic literature

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Main article: Samson in rabbinic literature
The Blinded Samson (1912) by Lovis Corinth

Rabbinic literature identifies Samson with Bedan,[10] a Judge mentioned by Samuel in his farewell address (1 Samuel 12:11) among the Judges who delivered Israel from their enemies.[33] However, the name "Bedan" is not found in the Book of Judges.[33] The name "Samson" is derived from the Hebrew word šemeš, which means "sun",[10][1][34] so that Samson bore the name of God, who is called "a sun and shield" in Psalms 84:12;[10] and as God protected Israel, so did Samson watch over it in his generation, judging the people even as did God.[10] Samson's strength was divinely derived (Talmud, Tractate Sotah 10a).[10][35]

Jewish legend records that Samson's shoulders were sixty cubits broad.[10] Many Talmudic commentaries, however, explain that this is not to be taken literally, for a person that size could not live normally in society; rather, it means that he had the ability to carry a burden 60 cubits wide (approximately 30 meters) on his shoulders.[36] He was lame in both feet[37] but, when the spirit of God came upon him, he could step with one stride from Zorah to Eshtaol, while the hairs of his head arose and clashed against one another so that they could be heard for a like distance.[10][38] Samson was said to be so strong that he could uplift two mountains and rub them together like two clods of earth,[38][39] yet his superhuman strength, like Goliath's, brought woe upon its possessor.[10][40]

In licentiousness, he is compared with Amnon and Zimri, both of whom were punished for their sins.[10][41] Samson's eyes were put out because he had "followed them" too often.[10][42] (As his eyes led him astray by lust, this was the reason he was blinded.)[43] It is said that, in the twenty years during which Samson judged Israel, he never required the least service from an Israelite,[44] and he piously refrained from taking the name of God in vain.[10] Therefore, as soon as he told Delilah that he was a Nazarite of God, she immediately knew that he had spoken the truth.[10][42] When he pulled down the temple of Dagon and killed himself and the Philistines, the structure fell backward so that he was not crushed, his family being thus enabled to find his body and to bury it in the tomb of his father.[10][45]

In the Talmudic period, some seem to have denied that Samson was a historical figure, regarding him instead as a purely mythological personage. This was viewed as heretical by the rabbis of the Talmud, and they attempted to refute this. They named Hazzelelponi as his mother in Numbers Rabbah Naso 10 and in Bava Batra 91a and stated that he had a sister named "Nishyan" or "Nashyan".[10]

Christian interpretations

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Samson in the Treadmill (1863) by Carl Bloch

Samson's story has also garnered commentary from a Christian perspective; the Epistle to the Hebrews praises him for his faith.[46] Ambrose, following the portrayal of Josephus and Pseudo-Philo,[47] represents Delilah as a Philistine prostitute,[47] and declares that "men should avoid marriage with those outside the faith, lest, instead of love of one's spouse, there be treachery."[47] Caesarius of Arles interpreted Samson's death as prefiguring the crucifixion of Jesus,[47] remarking: "Notice here an image of the cross. Samson extends his hands spread out to the two columns as to the two beams of the cross."[47] He also equates Delilah with Satan,[47] who tempted Christ.[47]

Following this trend, more recent Christian commentators have viewed Samson as a type of Jesus Christ, based on similarities between Samson's story and the life of Jesus in the New Testament.[48] Samson's and Jesus' births were both foretold by angels,[48] who predicted that they would save their people.[48] Samson was born to a barren woman,[48] and Jesus was born of a virgin.[48] Samson defeated a lion; Jesus defeated Satan, whom the First Epistle of Peter describes as a "roaring lion looking for someone to devour".[49] Samson's betrayal by Delilah has also been compared to Jesus' betrayal by Judas Iscariot; both Delilah and Judas were paid in pieces of silver for their respective deeds.[50] Ebenezer Cobham Brewer notes in his A Guide to Scripture History: The Old Testament that Samson was "blinded, insulted [and] enslaved" prior to his death, and that Jesus was "blindfolded, insulted, and treated as a slave" prior to his crucifixion.[51] Brewer also compares Samson's death among "the wicked" with Christ being crucified between two thieves.[51]

Islamic literature

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The Quran and authentic hadith never mentions Samson by name and characteristics specifically. However, there is several non-canonical works of Quran exegesis and scholastic traditions among Islamic literatures that mention Samson, which mentioned as Samson (Arabic: شمشون, romanized: Shamshû̅n) in Islamic literatures, particularly In the study of Tafsir.[52][53]

Ibn Abi Hatim, a Hadith scholar and son of Abu Hatim Muhammad ibn Idris al-Razi,[54] mentioned Samson in his exegesis by quoting the opinion of Mujahid ibn Jabr where he described Samson as "an Israelite who wore armor and struggling in the way of God for 1,000 months".[52]

Al-Tabari and Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi incorporated the biblical figure of Samson into the Quranic prophetic world.[55] Al-Tabari in particular has given details in History of the Prophets and Kings by incorporating biblical narratives with the authority of Israʼiliyyat tradition from Wahb ibn Munabbih, that his mother gave birth to him after she made a Nazar (vow) to God. Samson lived nearby a Paganism society, where he actively raided their settlement alone, armed with a camel's jawbone and always obtained spoils of war from his successful raids. This tradition of Tabari was traced from one of his teacher, Muhammad ibn Hamid ar-Razi. This tradition by Muhammad ibn Hamid also recorded by Al-Dhahabi through the records from Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, Al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, Tabari, and al-Baghawi. However, al-Dhahabi also reported that the tradition from Muhammad Ibn Hamid were deemed inauthentiq or flawed narrator by Hadith experts such as Ya'qub ibn Syaibah and Muhammad al-Bukhari. Furthermore, Ibn Ishaq also criticize the transmitter whose Muhammad ibn Hamid received from, which was Salamah ibn al-Fadl. Ibn Ishaq deemed him as unreliable narrator who were notorious for narrating traditions without stating his sources.[56]

Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi featured al-Tabari's narration in his tafsir with more extensive details, where the Nisba (onomastics) of Samson was "Shamsun ibn Masuh". Furthermore, Abu Ishaq added the raids of Samson against the paganic kingdom were happened for the span of 1,000 month and killed "thousands of infidels", where it became a proverb in the saying “better than a thousand months" for the Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Power) which believed by Muslims as a moment of night where every good deeds and faith observance multiplied for more than 1,000 months.[57]

Ibn Kathir has recorded in his Tafsir Ibn Kathir that the interpretation of the Qur'an episode Al-Qadr verses 3-4 was about the lifetime of Samson, who goes to Jihad (religious war) for the span of 1,000 month (83 years).[57] Badr al-Din al-Ayni mentioned in his work of Umdat al-Qari Hadiths of Sahih al-Bukhari exegesis, about the similar episode of the religious war done by Samson in 1,000 month. Meanwhile, Tafsir al-Tha'labi work by Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Thalabi also recorded this narration about Samson episode in Al-Qadr chapter interpretation.[52] Aahmad al-Thalabi also interpreted that Samson was considered as one of Prophets and messengers in Islam and bestowed honorific Peace Be Upon Him for Samson. Tha'labi traced his interpretation to Wahb ibn Munabbih.[58]

Scholarly

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Comparison with other religious and mythological figures

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Some modern academics have interpreted Samson as a solar deity, as a demi-god (such as Hercules or Enkidu, among others) somehow enfolded into Jewish religious lore, or as an archetypical folk hero.[59]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some comparative mythologists interpreted Samson as a euhemerized solar deity,[60][61][62][34] arguing that Samson's name is derived from Hebrew šemeš, meaning "Sun",[34][1] and that his long hair might represent the Sun's rays.[34] These solar theorists also pointed out that the legend of Samson is set within the general vicinity of Beth Shemesh, a village whose name means "Temple of the Sun".[34] They argued that the name Delilah may have been a wordplay with the Hebrew word for night, layla, which "consumes" the day.[63] Although this hypothesis is still sometimes promoted in scholarly circles,[34] it has generally fallen out of favor due to the superficiality of supporting evidence.[34]

Samson Slaying the Lion (1628) by Peter Paul Rubens

An interpretation far more popular among current scholars holds that Samson is a Hebrew variant of the same international Near Eastern folk hero which inspired the earlier Mesopotamian Enkidu and the later Greek Heracles (and, by extension, his Roman Hercules adaptation).[64][34][1] Heracles and Samson both slew a lion bare-handed (the former killed the Nemean lion).[34][1] Likewise, they were both believed to have once been extremely thirsty and drunk water which poured out from a rock,[64] and to have torn down the gates of a city.[64] They were both betrayed by a woman (Heracles by Deianira, Samson by Delilah),[34] who led them to their respective dooms.[34] Both heroes, champions of their respective peoples, die by their own hands:[34] Heracles ends his life on a pyre; whereas Samson makes the Philistine temple collapse upon himself and his enemies.[34] In this interpretation, the annunciation of Samson's birth to his mother is a censored account of divine conception.[64]

A monument of Samson in Wrocław, Poland

Samson also strongly resembles Shamgar,[34] another hero mentioned in the Book of Judges,[34] who, in Judges 3:31, is described as having slain 600 Philistines with an ox-goad.[34]

Traditional views

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These views are disputed by traditional and conservative biblical scholars who consider Samson to be a literal historical figure and thus reject any connections to mythological heroes.[34] The concept of Samson as a "solar hero" has been described as "an artificial ingenuity".[65] Joan Comay, co-author of Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament, believes that the biblical story of Samson is so specific concerning time and place that Samson was undoubtedly a real person who pitted his great strength against the oppressors of Israel.[66]

Religious and moral meaning or lack of it

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In contrast, James King West considers that the hostilities between the Philistines and Hebrews appear to be of a "purely personal and local sort".[67] He also considers that Samson stories have, in contrast to much of Judges, an "almost total lack of a religious or moral tone".[67]

Conversely, Elon Gilad of Haaretz writes "some biblical stories are flat-out cautions against marrying foreign women, none more than the story of Samson".[68] Gilad notes how Samson's parents disapprove of his desire to marry a Philistine woman and how Samson's relationship with Delilah leads to his demise.[68] He contrasts this with what he sees as a more positive portrayal of intermarriage in the Book of Ruth.[68]

Suicide terrorist

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Some academic writers have interpreted Samson as a suicide terrorist portrayed in a positive light by the text, and compared him to those responsible for the September 11 attacks.[69][70][71]

Archaeology

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In August 2012, archaeologists from Tel Aviv University announced the discovery of a circular stone seal, approximately 15 mm (0.59 in) in diameter, which was found on the floor of a house at Beth Shemesh and appears to depict a man, possibly long-haired, next to the sketchy depiction of a large animal resembling contemporary images of lions. The seal is dated to the 12th century BCE. According to Haaretz, "excavation directors Prof. Shlomo Bunimovitz and Dr. Zvi Lederman of Tel Aviv University say they do not suggest that the human figure on the seal is the biblical Samson. Rather, the geographical proximity to the area where Samson lived, and the time period of the seal, show that a story was being told at the time of a hero who fought a lion, and that the story eventually found its way into the biblical text and onto the seal."[72][73][74] The human figure appears to be unarmed, which would correspond to the Samson story.[75]

Cultural influence

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Main article: Cultural references to Samson
Statue of Samson and the lion in Peterhof, Russia
Samson parade Mauterndorf, Austria
Alleged site of Samson's tomb in the Zorah (Tzora) forest

As an important biblical character, Samson has been referred to in popular culture and depicted in a vast array of films, artwork, and popular literature. Preserved Smith argued that John Milton's closet drama Samson Agonistes is an allegory for the downfall of the Puritans and the restoration of the English monarchy[76] in which the blinded and imprisoned Samson represents Milton himself,[76] the "Chosen People" represent the Puritans,[76] and the Philistines represent the English Royalists.[76] The play combines elements of ancient Greek tragedy and biblical narrative.[77] Samson is portrayed as a hero,[78] whose violent actions are mitigated by the righteous cause in whose name they are enacted.[78] The play casts Delilah as an unrepentant, but sympathetic, deceiver[79] and speaks approvingly of the subjugation of women.[79]

In 1735, George Frideric Handel wrote the oratorio Samson,[80] with a libretto by Newburgh Hamilton, based on Samson Agonistes.[80] The oratorio is almost entirely set inside Samson's prison[80] and Delilah only briefly appears in Part II.[80] In 1877, Camille Saint-Saëns composed the opera Samson and Delilah with a libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire in which the entire story of Samson and Delilah is retold.[80] In the libretto, Delilah is portrayed as a seductive femme fatale,[80] but the music played during her parts invokes sympathy for her.[80] The narrative of Samson and Delilah is retold in indie pop singer Regina Spektor's "Samson" (2002), which includes the lyrics "I cut his hair myself one night / A pair of dull scissors and the yellow light / And he told me that I'd done alright."[81]

The 1949 biblical drama Samson and Delilah, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in the titular roles, was widely praised by critics for its cinematography, lead performances, costumes, sets, and innovative special effects.[82] It became the highest-grossing film of 1950,[83] and was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning two.[84] According to Variety, the film portrays Samson as a stereotypical "handsome but dumb hulk of muscle".[85]

Samson has been especially honored in Russian artwork[86] because the Russians defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava on the feast day of St. Sampson, whose name is homophonous with Samson's.[86] The lion slain by Samson was interpreted to represent Sweden, as a result of the lion's placement on the Swedish coat of arms.[86] In 1735, C. B. Rastrelli's bronze statue of Samson slaying the lion was placed in the center of the great cascade of the fountain at Peterhof Palace in Saint Petersburg.[86]

Samson is the emblem of Lungau, Salzburg,[87] and parades in his honor are held annually in ten villages of the Lungau and two villages in the north-west Styria (Austria).[87] During the parade, a young bachelor from the community carries a massive figure made of wood or aluminum said to represent Samson.[87] The tradition, which was first documented in 1635,[87] was entered into the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria in 2010.[87][88] Samson is one of the giant figures at the "Ducasse" festivities, which take place at Ath, Belgium.[89]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Greek: Σαμψών, romanized: Sampsṓn

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Van der Toorn, Karel; Pecking, Tom; van der Horst, Peter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 404. ISBN 978-0802824912.
  2. ^ Margalith, Othniel (January 1987). "The Legends of Samson/Heracles". Vetus Testamentum. 37 (1–4): 63–70. doi:10.1163/156853387X00077.
  3. ^ Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 316–317. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  4. ^ Judges 16:17
  5. ^ Judges 16:5
  6. ^ Judges 13:2
  7. ^ Judges 13
  8. ^ Judges 13:2
  9. ^ a b Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: the Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 58. ISBN 0500050953.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Public Domain Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Samson". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 317. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  12. ^ Judges 13:7
  13. ^ "Judges 13 NIV". biblehub.com.
  14. ^ Judges 14
  15. ^ Judges 14:6, Bible hub.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: the Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 59. ISBN 0500050953.
  17. ^ Judges 14:14
  18. ^ Judges 14:18
  19. ^ a b Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 318. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  20. ^ Judges 15
  21. ^ a b c d Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 61. ISBN 0500050953.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Judges 16
  23. ^ Porter, J. R. (2000). The Illustrated Guide to the Bible. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 75. ISBN 0760722781.
  24. ^ a b c Rogerson, John W. (1999). Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Ancient Israel. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 62. ISBN 0500050953.
  25. ^ Judges 16:17
  26. ^ Judges 16:16 (ESV)
  27. ^ a b c Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 319. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  28. ^ "Judges 16:27 Now the temple was full of men and women; all the lords of the Philistines were there, and about three thousand men and women were on the roof watching Samson entertain them". biblehub.com.
  29. ^ Judges 16:22
  30. ^ Judges 16:28–30, JPS (1917)
  31. ^ Levinger, I. M.; Neuman, Kalman (2008). IsraGuide 2007/2008 (pb). Feldheim Publishers. p. 266. ISBN 978-1598261547.
  32. ^ a b Ben-Yosef, Sefi [in Hebrew] (n.d.). "Sar'ah". In Sefi Ben-Yosef (ed.). Israel Guide – Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 306. OCLC 745203905.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  33. ^ a b "BibleGateway – Keyword Search: Bedan". www.biblegateway.com.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mobley, Gregory (2006). Samson and the Liminal Hero in the Ancient Near East. New York and London: T & T Clark. pp. 5–12. ISBN 978-0567028426.
  35. ^ Midrash Genesis Rabbah xcviii. 18
  36. ^ Ben Yehoyada and Maharal, in commentary to Talmud, tractate "sotah" 10a
  37. ^ Talmud tractate Sotah 10a: "And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Balaam was lame in one of his legs, as it is stated with regard to him: 'And he went, limping [shefi]'. Samson was lame in both of his two legs, as it is stated "a horned snake [shefifon] in the path' (Genesis 49:17)"
  38. ^ a b Midrash Leviticus Rabbah viii. 2
  39. ^ Sotah 9b.
  40. ^ Midrash Eccl. Rabbah i., end
  41. ^ Leviticus Rabbah. xxiii. 9
  42. ^ a b Sotah l.c.
  43. ^ "The Eleventh Plague footnote 12 "...'I am the Lord' implies: I am He who inflicted punishment upon Samson, Amnon, and Zimri, and who will inflict punishment upon any one who will act in accordance with their practices..."". 24 June 2009.
  44. ^ Midrash Numbers Rabbah ix. 25
  45. ^ Midrash Genesis Rabbah l.c. § 19
  46. ^ Hebrews 11:32–11:34
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Newsome, Carol Ann; Ringe, Sharon H.; Lapsley, Jacqueline E., eds. (2012) [1992]. Women's Bible Commentary (3rd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0664237073.
  48. ^ a b c d e Thomson, Edward (1838). Prophecy, Types, And Miracles, The Great Bulwarks of Christianity: Or A Critical Examination And Demonstration of Some of The Evidences By Which The Christian Faith Is Supported. Hatchard & Son. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0244031282.
  49. ^ Beasley, Robert C. (2008). 101 Portraits of Jesus in the Hebrew Scriptures. Signalman. ISBN 978-0244031282.
  50. ^ Lynn G, S (2008). A Study of the Good the Bad and the Desperate Women in the Bible. Xulon Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1606473917.
  51. ^ a b Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1858). "A Guide to Scripture History. The Old Testament". Trinity Hall, Cambridge. p. 190.
  52. ^ a b c "Samson and Delilah not mentioned in Quran and Sunnah". islamweb.net. 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  53. ^ Ammi Nur Baits (2015). "Benarkah Samson itu Nabi?". konsultasisyariah.com (in Indonesian). Yufid Network. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  54. ^ Dickinson, Eerik (2001). The development of early Sunnite hadīth criticism: the Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (240/854-327/938). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11805-8.
  55. ^ Rippin, Andrew (2008). "The Muslim Samson: Medieval, modern and scholarly interpretations". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 71 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1017/S0041977X08000529.
  56. ^ "Apakah Kisah Samson Kisah Benar atau Dusta?" [Is the Story of Samson a True Story or a Lie?]. kisahmuslim.com (in Indonesian). 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2024. translation from: Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2023). "هل قصة شمسون صحيحة؟" [Is the story of Shamson true?]. Islamqa.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 27 August 2024. Quote from: al-Tabari (1965). تاريخ الطبري = تاريخ الرسل والملوك [History of al-Tabari = History of the Messengers and Kings part 2] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: دار التراث. p. 22. Retrieved 27 August 2024. Quoting ʻArīb ibn Saʻd al-Qurtubi
  57. ^ a b Walid Fikr (2018). "شمشون الجبار: ثلاث روايات لبطل واحد" [Samson the Mighty: Three Stories of One Hero]. manshoor.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  58. ^ Tafsir al-Tha'labi: Al-Kashf wa al-Bayan 'an Tafsir al-Qur'an. جامع الكتب الإسلامية (in Arabic). Vol. 1. دار التفسير. pp. 111, 256. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  59. ^ Mobley (2006), p. 5.
  60. ^ Jastrow, Morris (1898). The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston: Ginn & Company.
  61. ^ Burney, Charles Fox (1918). The Book of Judges, with Introduction and Notes. London: Rivingtons.
  62. ^ Graves, Robert (1955). "Herakles". The Greek Myths.
  63. ^ Freedman, David Noel, ed. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of The Bible. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 336 (entry for 'Delilah'). ISBN 0802824005.
  64. ^ a b c d Wajdenbaum, P. (2014). Argonauts of the Desert: Structural Analysis of the Hebrew Bible. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 223–227. ISBN 978-1845539245.
  65. ^ Cooke, George Albert (1913). The Book of Judges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  66. ^ Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 320. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  67. ^ a b West, James King (1971). Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: MacMillan Company. p. 183.
  68. ^ a b c Gilad, Elon (4 June 2014). "Intermarriage and the Jews: What Would the Early Israelites Say?". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  69. ^ Wicker, Brian (2003). "Samson Terroristes: A Theological Reflection on Suicidal Terrorism". New Blackfriars. 84 (983): 42–60. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2003.tb06486.x. ISSN 0028-4289. JSTOR 43250680.
  70. ^ Atiya, A. S. (1973). "Review of Christian Egypt: Faith and Life". Middle East Journal. 27 (2): 231–232. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4325068.
  71. ^ Drury, Shadia (2003). "Terrorism: From Samson to Atta". Arab Studies Quarterly. 25 (1/2): 1–12. ISSN 0271-3519. JSTOR 41858434.
  72. ^ Hasson, Nir (30 July 2012). "Seal found by Israeli archeologists may give substance to Samson legend". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  73. ^ "Ancient seal may add substance to the legend of Samson", at sciencedaily.com, 13 August 2012. Accessed 25 April 2024.
  74. ^ Wiener, Noah (30 July 2012). "Lion Seal from Beth Shemesh Sparks Samson Discussion". Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS). Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  75. ^ Wiener (2012), see "Update": comment by Dale W. Manor, Field Director of Beth-Shemesh excavations.
  76. ^ a b c d Smith, Preserved (1930). A History of Modern Culture. Cambridge: University Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-1108074643.
  77. ^ Teskey, Gordon (2006). Delirious Milton: The Fate of the Poet in Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0674010697.
  78. ^ a b Lieb, Michael (1994). Milton and the Culture of Violence. London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801429033.
  79. ^ a b Guillory, John (1986). "Dalila's House: Samson Agonistes and the Sexual Division of Labor". In Ferguson, Margaret; Quilligan, Maurren; Vickers, Nancy (eds.). Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226243146.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Leneman, Helen (2000). "Portrayals of Power in the Stories of Delilah and Bathsheba: Seduction in Song". In Aichele, George (ed.). Culture, Entertainment, and the Bible. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 153. ISBN 184127075X.
  81. ^ Alessandra, Rincón (7 August 2018). "Regina Spektor Gives Chilling Performance Of 'Samson' On 'Late Show': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  82. ^ McKay, James (2013). The Films of Victor Mature. McFarland & Company. p. 76. ISBN 978-0786449705.
  83. ^ Barton, Ruth (2010). Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 174. ISBN 978-0813126104.
  84. ^ "23rd Academy Awards Winners". www.oscars.org. 4 October 2014.
  85. ^ Variety staff (31 December 1949). "Variety – Review: Samson and Delilah". Variety.
  86. ^ a b c d Wortman, Richard S. (2006). Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy: From Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0691123745.
  87. ^ a b c d e "Samson:Emblem of Lungau". lungau.at. Saliburger Lungau. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  88. ^ Samsontragen im Lungau und Bezirk Murau Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Nationalagentur für das Immaterielle Kulturerbe, Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission
  89. ^ see fr:Samson (Géant processionnel)
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