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United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
AbbreviationUSCCB
Formation1966
TypeNon-governmental organization
Legal statusCivil nonprofit
Purpose
  • To act collaboratively and consistently on vital issues confronting the Church and society.
  • To foster communion with the Church in other nations, within the Church universal, under the leadership of its supreme pastor, the Roman Pontiff.
  • To offer appropriate assistance to each bishop in fulfilling his particular ministry in the local Church.
[1]
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Region served
United States
Membership
Active and retired Catholic bishops of the United States
President
Timothy Broglio
Main organ
Conference
Affiliations
Budget
US$180 million
Staff
300
Websiteusccb.org

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in the United States. Founded in 1966 as the joint National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) and United States Catholic Conference (USCC), it is composed of all active and retired members of the Catholic hierarchy (i.e., diocesan, coadjutor, and auxiliary bishops and the ordinary of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter) in the United States and the territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

In the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the bishops in the six dioceses form their own episcopal conference, the Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference. The bishops in U.S. insular areas in the Pacific Ocean – the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the territory of American Samoa, and the territory of Guam – are members of the Episcopal Conference of the Pacific.

The USCCB adopted its current name in July 2001. The organization is a registered corporation based in Washington, D.C. As with all bishops' conferences, certain[which?] decisions and acts of the USCCB must receive the recognitio, or approval, of the Roman dicasteries, which are subject to the immediate and absolute authority of the Pope.

As of November 2022, the president is Timothy Broglio, Archbishop for the Military Services, USA. The vice president is William E. Lori, Archbishop of Baltimore.[2]

History

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The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops took its present form in 2001 from the consolidation of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the United States Catholic Conference. The USCCB traces its origins to the National Catholic War Council, which was founded in 1917.[3]

National Catholic War Council

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Further information: National Catholic Welfare Council § National Catholic War Council
See also: National Catholic Community Service

The first national organization of Catholic bishops in the United States was founded in 1917 as the National Catholic War Council (NCWC), formed to enable U.S. Catholics to contribute funds for the spiritual care of Catholic servicemen during World War I.

National Catholic Welfare Council

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Main article: National Catholic Welfare Council

In 1919 Pope Benedict XV urged the college of bishops around the world to assist him in promoting the labor reforms first articulated by Pope Leo XIII in Rerum novarum. In response, the U.S. Catholic episcopate organized the National Catholic Welfare Council in 1919. They also created the first Administrative Committee of seven members to manage daily affairs between plenary meetings, with archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna of San Francisco as the first chairman. Headquarters were established in Washington, D.C.

After a threatened suppression of the National Catholic Welfare Council due to concerns that it over-centralized power away from the individual bishops,[4] the administrative board decided to rename the organization to be the National Catholic Welfare Conference, with the purpose of advocating reforms in education, immigration, and social action.

Crisis of sexual abuse cases in the church

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The initial response of the USCCB to revelations in the 1980s of the sexual abuse of children by members of the clergy was widely criticized both within and outside the church.[5] The reassignment of clergy accused of abuse, in particular, was considered to have allowed the abuse to proliferate.[6] By the early 2000s, following an explosion of public scandals and investigations by journalists, the USCCB commissioned the John Jay Report [7] and adopted a Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People.[8] Subsequent decades have seen the USCCB grappling with the fallout,[9] which included dozens of court cases resulting in a financial settlements with the victims in excess of $3 billion.[10] Numerous dioceses declared bankruptcy in an effort to manage the financial impact.[11] The USCCB continues to publish an annual report on its progress in addressing concerns.[12]

Leadership of José Gómez

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During the 2020 George Floyd protests, USCCB president Archbishop José Horacio Gómez issued a statement citing Martin Luther King Jr.'s words that "riots are the language of the unheard".[13]

After some conservative bishops were concerned after Gómez congratulated Joe Biden for his election as US president, Gómez announced that he would form a working group to address the "confusion" that could be caused by Catholic politicians who support policies that are against church teaching.[14][15] On January 20, 2021, the date of President Joe Biden's inauguration, when he became the second Roman Catholic U.S. president, the USCCB sent him a letter authored by President Gómez, which was described as "stinging" by America.[16] While congratulating Biden on his election and stating the Bishop was "praying that God grant him wisdom and courage to lead this great nation and that God help him to meet the tests of these times," the letter also expressed concern that his policies "would advance moral evils and threaten human life and dignity, most seriously in the areas of abortion, contraception, marriage, and gender. Of deep concern is the liberty of the Church and the freedom of believers to live according to their consciences."[16]

The letter was contested by several bishops, including Cardinal Blase J. Cupich, the archbishop of Chicago, who said the message was drafted without consultation of the USCCB's administrative committee; and described it as an "institutional failure" that the bishops did not harmonize their message prior to its release. In what America called a "rare rebuke," Cupich released two statements, one of which said "Today, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued an ill-considered statement on the day of President Biden's inauguration. Aside from the fact that there is seemingly no precedent for doing so, the statement, critical of President Biden, came as a surprise to many bishops, who received it just hours before it was released."[16][17]

By April 2021, the working group that was announced by Gómez proposed the drafting of a new document addressing the issue of Communion.[18] On March 30, 2021, Bishop Gómez wrote to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), informing the congregation of the USCCB's plans to draft a document regarding Catholic politicians' worthiness to receive Communion. Cardinal Luis Ladaria, prefect of the CDF, replied on May 7,[19] cautioning the USCCB to preserve unity in discussing anti-abortion issues and not to consider that abortion and euthanasia constitute the only grave issues of Catholic moral teaching.[20][21][22] Ladaria further said that any new provision of the USCCB is required to respect the rights of individual Ordinaries in their diocese and the prerogatives of the Holy See.[23]

Regions

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For a list of regions, see List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) § Episcopal Conference of the United States of America.
The USCCB divides the Latin Church dioceses of the United States into fourteen geographical regions, while a fifteenth region consists of the Eastern Catholic eparchies and exarchate.

The dioceses of the United States are grouped into fifteen regions. Fourteen of the regions (numbered I through XIV) are geographically based, for the Latin Catholic dioceses and the non-territorial Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter (part of Region X). The Eastern Catholic eparchies (dioceses) constitute Region XV.

Initiatives

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National Right to Life Committee (1968–1973)

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Main article: National Right to Life Committee

The National Conference of Catholic Bishops had appointed Bishop James T. McHugh during April 1967 to lead the early formation of what was later to become the National Right to Life Committee. The NRLC was itself formed in 1968 under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops to coordinate information and strategy between developing local and state Catholic anti-abortion groups and is the oldest and the largest national organization against legal abortion in the United States with NRLC affiliates in all 50 states and over 3,000 local chapters nationwide.[24] These NRLC affiliate groups were forming in response to efforts to change abortion laws based on model legislation proposed by the American Law Institute (ALI). New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the organization's first president. NRLC held a nationwide meeting of anti-abortion leaders in Chicago in 1970 at Barat College. The following year, NRLC held its first convention at Macalestar College in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Health care for women

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In 1990 the USCCB hired the public relation firm Hill & Knowlton to launch a campaign to persuade Catholics and non-Catholics to oppose abortion rights for women.[25]

The USCCB issued the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services.[26][27] It was sued by the ACLU on the grounds that the directive in some cases caused doctors to refuse treatment of women in an emergency medical situation.[28]

In March 2012, regarding the contraception mandate issued as a regulation under the Affordable Care Act, which required that employers who do not support contraception but are not religious institutions per se must cover contraception via their employer-sponsored health insurance. USCCB decided to "continue its 'vigorous opposition to this unjust and illegal mandate'".[29]

In June and July 2012, the USCCB promoted a campaign of events called the Fortnight for Freedom to protest government activities that in their view impinged on their religious liberty.

On June 12, 2020, a committee praised President Donald Trump's administration for changing a Department of Health and Human Services ruling regarding discrimination based on gender identity, saying it "will help restore the rights of health care providers—as well as insurers and employers—who decline to perform or cover abortions or 'gender transition' procedures due to ethical or professional objections."[30]

Immigration

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The USCCB platform on immigration reform includes:[31][32]

  • Earned legalization for immigrants who are of good moral character to adjust their status to obtain lawful permanent residence after a background check and payment of fines.
  • A legal path for foreign born workers to enter the U.S. for work to alleviate border crossing deaths.
  • More visas to promote family reunification as well as a reduction in waiting times.
  • Elimination of some of the penalties in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 such as the three-year and ten-year bans on deported illegal immigrants (depending on the length of their illegal stay in the U.S.)
  • The root causes of illegal immigrations such as poverty and inequality in sending countries needs to be addressed.
  • Enforcement should focus on illegal immigrants who pose risks to public safety rather than on families seeking employment.

In 2017, Bishop Joe S. Vásquez, the chairman of the USCCB Committee on Migration, issued a statement disagreeing with the first Trump travel ban, Executive Order 13769, which restricted people from several predominantly Muslim nations from entering the US and also imposed a temporary ban on Syrian refugee admissions.[33] Later that year, the USCCB president, vice president, and committee chairmen issued a statement condemning the Trump administration's cancellation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, under which nearly 800,000 young people had applied for protection from deportation.[34]

At the 2018 biannual meeting that was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USCCB president Cardinal Daniel DiNardo issued a statement criticizing the Trump administration's policies of family separation and denial of asylum to women fleeing domestic violence.[35]

Gun violence

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The USCCB filed an amicus brief in the Supreme Court case of United States v. Rahimi, arguing that protecting the innocent "is a proper consideration" when regulating firearms:[36]

As the Church teaches, and this Nation's historical traditions demonstrate, the right to bear arms is not an unqualified license that must leave vulnerable family members to live in fear. Abused victims are precisely the people whom a just government is tasked with protecting. The Second Amendment does not stand as a barrier to their safety."[36]

Ecumenical Dialogue

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As of 2021, the USCCB has been in ecumenical discussion with the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America (PCCNA), as well as discussing the possibility of future theological dialogue between Pentecostalism and Catholicism.[37]

The USCCB is a member of Christian Churches Together, an Interdenominational fellowship of Christian denominations and organizations in the United States.

Funding

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The budget for 2018 was US$200 million. Most money is raised through national collections, government grants, and diocesan assessments.[38]

List of past and present leaders

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Presidents

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The list of presidents of the USCCB, who are elected by their brother bishops, the diocese or archdiocese they led during their tenure, and their dates of service as president:[39]

  1. Cardinal John Dearden, Archbishop of Detroit (1966–1971)
  2. Cardinal John Krol, Archbishop of Philadelphia (1971–1974)
  3. Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, later Cardinal, Archbishop of Cincinnati (1974–1977)
  4. Archbishop John R. Quinn, Archbishop of San Francisco (1977–1980)
  5. Archbishop John Roach (bishop), Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (1980–1983)
  6. Bishop James William Malone, Bishop of Youngstown (1983–1986)
  7. Archbishop John L. May, Archbishop of St. Louis (1986–1989)
  8. Archbishop Daniel Edward Pilarczyk, Archbishop of Cincinnati (1989–1992)
  9. Cardinal William H. Keeler, Archbishop of Baltimore (1992–1995)
  10. Bishop Anthony Pilla, Bishop of Cleveland (1995–1998)
  11. Bishop Joseph Fiorenza, later Archbishop, Bishop of Galveston–Houston (1998– November 13, 2001)
  12. Bishop Wilton Daniel Gregory, later Cardinal, Bishop of Belleville (November 13, 2001 – November 15, 2004)
  13. Bishop William S. Skylstad, Bishop of Spokane (November 15, 2004 – November 13, 2007)
  14. Cardinal Francis George OMI, Archbishop of Chicago (November 13, 2007 – November 16, 2010)
  15. Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York (November 16, 2010 – November 14, 2013)
  16. Archbishop Joseph Edward Kurtz, Archbishop of Louisville (November 14, 2013 – November 15, 2016)
  17. Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, Archbishop of Galveston–Houston (November 15, 2016 – November 12, 2019)
  18. Archbishop José Horacio Gómez, Archbishop of Los Angeles (November 12, 2019 – November 15, 2022)
  19. Archbishop Timothy Broglio, Archbishop for the Military Services, USA (November 15, 2022–present)

Vice-Presidents

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The list of vice-presidents of the USCCB, who are elected by their brother bishops, the diocese or archdiocese they led during their tenure, and their dates of service as vice-president:[39]

  1. Cardinal John Krol, Archbishop of Philadelphia (1966–1971)
  2. Coadjutor Archbishop Leo Christopher Byrne, Coadjutor Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (1971–1974)
  3. Cardinal John Carberry, Archbishop of St. Louis (1974–1977)
  4. Archbishop John Roach (bishop), Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (1977–1980)
  5. Bishop James William Malone, Bishop of Youngstown (1980–1983)
  6. Archbishop John L. May, Archbishop of St. Louis (1983–1986)
  7. Archbishop Daniel Edward Pilarczyk, Archbishop of Cincinnati (1986–1989)
  8. Archbishop William H. Keeler, later Cardinal Archbishop of Baltimore (1989–1992)
  9. Bishop Anthony Pilla, Bishop of Cleveland (1992–1995)
  10. Bishop Joseph Fiorenza, later Archbishop, Bishop of Galveston–Houston (1995–1998)
  11. Bishop Wilton Daniel Gregory, later Cardinal, Bishop of Belleville (1998 – November 13, 2001)
  12. Bishop William S. Skylstad, Bishop of Spokane (November 13, 2001 – November 15, 2004)
  13. Cardinal Francis George OMI, Archbishop of Chicago (November 15, 2004 – November 13, 2007)
  14. Bishop Gerald Frederick Kicanas, Bishop of Tucson (November 13, 2007 – November 16, 2010)
  15. Archbishop Joseph Edward Kurtz, Archbishop of Louisville (November 16, 2010 – November 14, 2013)
  16. Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, Archbishop of Galveston–Houston (November 14, 2013 – November 15, 2016)
  17. Archbishop José Horacio Gómez, Archbishop of Los Angeles (November 15, 2016 – November 12, 2019)
  18. Archbishop Allen Vigneron, Archbishop of Detroit (November 12, 2019 – November 15, 2022)
  19. Archbishop William E. Lori, Archbishop of Baltimore (November 15, 2022–present)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "USCCB Mission". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  2. ^ "Archbishop Gomez elected USCCB president; first Latino in post". www.catholicnews.com. November 12, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  3. ^ "USCCB Timeline 1917–2017". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  4. ^ "The Formation of the National Catholic War Council, The Origin of the USCCB". Catholic New York. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  5. ^ Gibson, David. "Catholic bishops finally tackle the sex abuse cover-up. Now comes the hard part". National Catholic Reporter. Religion News Service. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  6. ^ Appleby, Scott. "The Church at Risk Remarks to the USCCB. Speech at the USCCB Meeting in Dallas TX June 13, 2002" (PDF). usccb. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2024. On this matter of reassigning predator priests, the apologies issuing from bishops and cardinals will not be heard unless and until they go beyond the rhetoric of "mistakes and errors" and name the protection of abusive priests for what it is-- a sin, born of the arrogance of power
  7. ^ "The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors By Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States 195O–2OO2. A Research Study Conducted By The John Jay College of Criminal Justice The City University of New York For The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops" (PDF). USCCB. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  8. ^ "Almost 1,700 priests and clergy accused of sex abuse are unsupervised". NBC News. October 4, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024. When the first big wave of the clergy abuse scandal hit Roman Catholic dioceses in the early 2000s, the U.S. bishops created the Dallas Charter, a baseline for sexual abuse reporting, training and other procedures to prevent child abuse. A handful of canon lawyers and experts at the time said every diocese should be transparent, name priests that had been accused of abuse and, in many cases, get rid of them.
  9. ^ "US bishops to elect new leaders, mark abuse reform milestone". AP News. November 14, 2022. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  10. ^ Press, Associated (March 1, 2016). "Catholic bishops covered up 'hundreds' of sexual abuses in Pennsylvania". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024. The US Conference of Catholic Bishops estimates that American dioceses have paid nearly $4bn since 1950 to settle claims with victims.
  11. ^ Buller, Robin (November 12, 2023). "Catholic dioceses are declaring bankruptcy. Abuse survivors say it's a 'way to silence' them". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  12. ^ "2022 Anual Report" (PDF). USCCB. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  13. ^ Chappell, Bill (June 3, 2020). "Pope Francis Prays For George Floyd, Decries 'The Sin Of Racism'". NPR. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  14. ^ Crary, David (November 17, 2020). "Leader of US Catholic bishops: Biden's stances pose dilemma". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  15. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (December 9, 2020). "Biden could redefine what it means to be a Catholic in good standing. Catholics are divided on whether that is a good thing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  16. ^ a b c "In rare rebuke, Cardinal Cupich criticizes USCCB president's letter to President Biden". America Magazine. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  17. ^ "In Unprecedented Move, Cardinal Cupich Criticizes USCCB Statement on Joe Biden". NCR. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  18. ^ Crary, David (April 28, 2021). "US Catholic bishops may press Biden to stop taking Communion". AP. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  19. ^ Luis F. Card. Ladaria, S.I. (May 7, 2021). "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Letter" (PDF). AP News. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  20. ^ "Cardinal Ladaria to US Bishops: Debate on Communion and abortion should not lead to division". Vatican News. Dicasterium pro Communicatione. May 12, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021. Cardinal Luis Ladaria, Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, writes to US Bishops urging them to preserve unity amid discussions on anti-abortion issues. He notes that it would be misleading if the impression were given that abortion and euthanasia alone constitute the only grave matters of Catholic moral and social teaching.
  21. ^ Wooden, Cindy (Catholic News Service) (May 10, 2021), "CDF prefect cautions U.S. bishops on politicians and Communion", Chicago Catholic, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 13, 2021
  22. ^ Poggioli, Sylvia (May 11, 2021). "Vatican Warns U.S. Bishops About Denying Communion To Supporters Of Abortion Rights". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021. The Vatican's top enforcer of doctrine has sent a warning to U.S. bishops about a potential proposal by some conservative clergy to deny communion to Catholic elected officials who support legislation allowing abortion.
  23. ^ Crary, David (May 10, 2021). "Vatican warns US bishops over get-tough Communion proposals". AP. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  24. ^ http://www.christianlifeandliberty.net/RTL.bmp Archived March 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine K.M. Cassidy. "Right to Life." In Dictionary of Christianity in America, Coordinating Editor, Daniel G. Reid. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1990. pp. 1017,1018.
  25. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (April 6, 1990). "Catholic Bishops Hire Firms To Market Fight on Abortion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024. The nation's Roman Catholic bishops announced yesterday that they had engaged a major public relations firm and a politically connected polling concern in Washington to conduct a nationwide campaign to persuade both Catholics and non-Catholics to oppose abortion. The bishops are expected to spend $3 million to $5 million on the effort over three to five years.
  26. ^ "Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services" (PDF). usccb.org. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  27. ^ "Bishops to Vote on Proposal to Revise 'Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services' at November Meeting". www.usccb.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  28. ^ "Health Care Denied". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2016. HEALTH CARE DENIED Patients and Physicians Speak Out About Catholic Hospitals and the Threat to Women's Health and Lives
  29. ^ Meehan, Seth, "Catholics and Contraception: Boston, 1965" Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  30. ^ "HHS rule helps 'restore rights of health care providers,' say bishops". www.thebostonpilot.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  31. ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: "Catholic Church's Position on Immigration Reform" Archived November 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine August 2013
  32. ^ Pittsburgh Tribune: "Catholic Bishop Zubik prays for immigration reform" By Matthew Santoni Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine November 24, 2013
  33. ^ Timm, Jane C. (January 27, 2017). "Advocacy, Aid Groups Condemn Trump Order as 'Muslim Ban'". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  34. ^ Kelsey, Adam; Stracqualursi, Veronica (September 5, 2017). "Lawmakers, organizations speak out after Trump's decision to end DACA". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  35. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (June 13, 2018). "Catholic bishops call Trump's asylum rules 'immoral,' with one suggesting 'canonical penalties' for those involved". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  36. ^ a b Asher, Julie (September 1, 2023). "USCCB argues protecting innocent life must be priority in gun rights case before high court". The Pilot. Vol. 194, no. 33. p. 3.
  37. ^ "USCCB News - Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians and Roman Catholics Engage in Exploratory Ecumenical Dialogue".
  38. ^ "Consolidated financial statements" (PDF). USCCB. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  39. ^ a b "United States Conference of Catholic Bishops". GCatholic. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
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