Talk:Philo

Untitled

This article states:

"Eusebius speculated that the Jewish group Philo describes in the Contemplative Life was in fact a Christian group."

And Eusebius links to a disambiguation page. So which Eusebius does this article refer to ?

Thanks in advance!

I'm assuming this is the same person as Philo Judeaus? --Tydaj 22:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Eusebius of Caesarea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.68.2.181 (talk) 20:24, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Philo and Logos

<Commenting on this phrase in Influence of Hellenism—The influence of Stoicism is unmistakable in the doctrine of God as the only Efficient Cause, in that of divine reason immanent in the world, in that of the powers emanating from God and suffusing the world. In the doctrine of the Logos various elements of Greek philosophy are united.>

From Dimont's "Jews, God and History"; ISBN 0451628667; Pg.122.

Philo, who was familiar with the Hebrew Bible only in Greek translation, decided to make it even more acceptable to Greek intellectuals by putting Greek clothing on Jewish revelation. This he did with the aid of allegory and the philosophy of Plato. Though God created the world, argued Philo, God did not influence the world directly, but indirectly through Logos, that is, through "the Word." {Strong's Concordance-Hebrew:1697 daw-vawr' -a word, a discourse; Strong-Greek:3056 Logos-a word, a teaching.}

Logos: We can see how this idea was taken directly by the Christians, for instance, in the Gospel According to Saint John the Apostle, which begins: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God {1 John 1:1}. Ironically, this opening sentence in John is now more a Jewish doctrine than a Christian one. The Christians made the "Son of Man" equal to God, whereas it was the Jews {Jesus, Moses, and Spinoza} who followed John's junction and made "the Word," that is, the Torah, equal to G-D. It is to the Jews that "the Word is G-D."

Because the human soul stems from the "Divine Source," continued Philo, it is capable of conceiving of the nature of divinity itself. This human ability to conceive of divinity, said Philo, could be done in two ways: through the spirit of prophecy, or through inner mystic meditation. Judaism, in Philo's opinion, was the instrument which enabled man to achieve moral perfection, and the Torah was the path to union with G-D. It was on the allegorical concepts of Philo's Logos and the inner mystic contemplation of God that Paul built his Christology. The Jews used the opposite poleof Philo's philosophy—the spirit of prophecy. They built their Judaism by searching the Torah for new meanings ..... {Modern Talmud}

Yesselman 22:56, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Flaccus

Quote ...

"Although we have no independent confirmation for most of his account, it is an account of mostly public events, so in its main points it would have been difficult for Philo to have misrepresented the situation."

I do not understand why Philo would have found it difficult to misrepresent "public events". He was a politician and an apologist for the Alexandrian Jewish community. Were public events rarely misrepresented by politicians and apologists in the first century? If so what evidence do we have for that?

Ray Elsom

I also have serious problems with that text. There are already several statements that are highly problematic, EG:

"The only event in his life that can be determined chronologically is his participation in the embassy which the Alexandrian Jews sent to the emperor Caligula at Rome for the purpose of asking protection against the attacks of the Alexandrian Greeks. This occurred in the year 40 CE."

The Alexandria riots involved some very nasty mutual killing. This had been going on for quite some time. Firstly the demographic costitution of Alexandria at this time included Egyptians, Egyptians converted or partially converted to Judaism, Jews, Hellenized Jews, Greeks, Greeks converted or partially converted to Judaism. The city had just a couple of years earlier passed from Ptolemaic to Roman overlords.

There were commerical conflicts. There were regular changes in which group might get a special stuatus on commerical dealings. Varying commercial concessions to varying groups, the fact that people where migrating between goups led to strife there for hundreds of years.

There was also the control of temples. Temples at this time were "civic" administered within districts and neighborhoods. The Ptolemaic and Romans of this time due to both their experience of empire tolerant of different religions (and of course themselves polytheistic) and had a very pluralistic view. To the romans in particular their mode across their dominions was each group could worship, have a niche in the temple. Also expected their secular leasders to be honored there. To the Jewish community that had not changed this was an anathema, an impurity in a temple, to Hellenized Jews who had adopted some Greek gods, Greeks, Egyptians etc they wanted their niche in the tmeples. This played out in places other than Alexandria as well.

thre was strife, competition, alternating petition to overlords from all sides. One side assertions by its selected petitioner survices and we should preserve and note it. but let's be careful about language that ingores known facts about interplay in the Near east cities. Philo's philosphy is is a treasure. his polemic is intersting, but it is a policial polemic. Philo certainly makes objectivly racist, biased and many false statemetns of his own. His relating of those others that are niether preserved in thei roriginal nor anything but polemics of others make them no better or worse than his own.06:43, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps, tying your reservations to quotes that show Philo's bias, you'd introduce this as context. --Wetman 11:53, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the text as accessed today (March 30 2011) is problematic. There are extensive quotes from Philo about the Alexandria rioting without the modern scholarship which places these long running events more in the context of inter-Jewish tensions and conflict.Stae2 (talk) 12:51, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Greek text

Is it really necessary to use Greek fonts/characters in an encyclopedia article? For the Greek illiterate (me), a couple paragraphs in this article are little more than gobbledegook.

CaliforniaKid

Good idea. Don't have the time to do this myself just now, I'm afraid. Also: the problem is that the origins of this article lie in the online version of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Philo (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=281&letter=P&search=Philo). The online version has numerous minor and a few major spelling mistakes, especially in the Greek. I corrected one really glaring error earlier on, but I really can't do it for the whole thing.

The bigger question is: is there a point in working on those parts of this wikipedia (en) article which are based on a 100-year old piece? Would it not be better to start from scratch? But then, I don't have the time to do this now either, so who am I to talk...

Any suggestions?

Cheers, Hs282 00:32, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Hundred-year-old scholarship concerning authors of classical antiquity holds up better than articles on technology: the recovery of the documents had in large part already been made. The Jewish Encyclopedia still makes a dependable base. There are modern ways of reading text that should be brought to bear here, without getting into personal interpretations. Many glitch errors introduced in getting old text on-line do need correcting, and Hs282's efforts have improved the article. --Wetman 03:03, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Better, but not well. We have learned much about Hellenistic Judaism in the last century. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:25, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Anybody capable still interested in changing terms and names written in Greek into English? Sentences like "this doctrine touches upon the Platonic doctrine of ideas as well as the Stoic doctrine of the γενικώτατόν τι and the Neo-Pythagorean doctrine of the type that served at the creation of the world; and in the shaping of the λόγος τομεύς it touches upon the Heraclitean doctrine of strife as the moving principle" mean nothing to mere mortals. The need for it was brought up at least 3 years ago, but nothing was done since. If I could read Greek I would do it myself. I hope someone can do this little job... Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.234.58.197 (talk) 05:08, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Blueprints?

To him Logos was God's "blueprint for the world", a governing plan.

Where does this flaming anachronism come from? Blueprints were invented in 1842, not the first century BCE. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:25, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

De Opificio mundi 15-25, God consults Logos before creating etc. Blueprint is a schematisation, which may seem anachronic indeed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.0.47.128 (talk) 06:04, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps User:Pmanderson's objections could be better met by incorporating a quote into the text. --Wetman 07:46, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Look at my comment below. This whole article is of poor standard. It is utterly idiotic some of the things mentioned in this article. 87.70.129.116 (talk) 21:05, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

I am not so educated but...

I do not think it would be accurate to put a DH POV on to Philo. It seems like someone is using this article as propaganda tool. 87.70.129.116 (talk) 21:03, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

I think you should read the Wikipedia Guidelines: "Treating others with respect is key to collaborating effectively in building an encyclopedia."Ettormo (talk) 11:16, 20 December 2009 (UTC

Copyright image?

The image used in the article, taken from de:wiki, is an engraving by Karl Thieme of 1952: isn't it copyright? In the engraving is the inscription that says, in translation, "Portrait worked by K. Thieme, philosopher pictures, Basel 1952 - HHU - Dusseldorf". It has been copied from Karl Thieme, ed. Philosophenbilder. (Basel. Birkhauser) 1952, a collection of portraits of 140 famous philosophers. --Wetman (talk) 21:48, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Knowledge of Hebrew

I don't know much about Philo but I do speak Hebrew as a native language and know biblical hebrew very well. I read some of his writings and some parts are just silly. It's very obvious that he got his ideas from a translation and had no idea how it may have been in hebrew. He analizes sections that are completely lost in translation and no Hebrew speaker could ever come up with this. Things like origins of random greek words from the bible that mean something totaly different in the original.

I asked a couple of professors I had classes with that teach Philo's stuff in the Hebrew University and they agreed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.64.210.68 (talk) 08:42, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Modern Hebrew is not ancient Hebrew. Modern Hebrew is a mostly 20th century reformation. Hebrew as a progenitor language was a Christian romantic obsession. Hebrew is to Phoenician and Aramaic as Yiddish is to German. The modern assumption that everything written of in ancient times (from that region) had to be Hebrew is false. The Greek Septuagint is more ancient than any written Hebrew account. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.228.228.146 (talk) 05:55, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

Um... what? So the Septuagint is older than the proto-Masoretic text type on which it is based? I really hope I didn’t read your comment right. Evanh2008 ^{(talk|contribs)} 06:10, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

The second part of the paragraph seems to be inconsistent with the source. The article says "Philo read the Jewish Scriptures chiefly in the Septuagint Greek translation.[Ref: Philo Judaeus: His Knowledge of Hebrew from the Jewish Encyclopedia ] His knowledge of Hebrew has been a matter of scholarly dispute, with most scholars arguing that he did not read the language. One piece of evidence that supports that hypothesis is Philo's creative (often fanciful) use of etymologies." while the Jewish Encyclopedia says "While he read the Old Testament chiefly in the Greek translation, not deeming it necessary to use the Hebrew text because he was under the wrong impression that the Greek corresponded with it, he nevertheless understood Hebrew, as his numerous etymologies of Hebrew names indicate (see ...). These etymologies are not in agreement with modern Hebrew philology, but are along the lines of the etymologic midrash to Genesis and of the earlier rabbinism." --Rumping (talk) 20:47, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

Copy and paste from Jewish Encyclopedia

Large sections of this article are copied and pasted from the Philo Judaeus article 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. While the JE is in the public domain, all material in articles should be attributed (See Wikipedia:Plagiarism) and copying and pasting is almost never allowed (See Wikipedia:Copy-paste).

I am willing to host a user page to start from scratch if other editors are willing to join me. Otherwise, I will remove the copied text and refer to this talk section in the comments. Mnnlaxer (talk) 03:05, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

I am starting to delete sections that are almost exact copies of the JE. It should also be noted that there should be much more recent scholarship, or at least online sources, that are better than this 100-year old work.Mnnlaxer (talk) 18:27, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Repeating my question here. I don't completely understand the intended procedure here. Are you saying that the two entire sections you have removed so far were removed because they are incorrect/innacurate and have no place in the article at all, or they were temporarily removed until they can be rewritten and reinserted back in the article? Even though the JE may be outdated by more recent material it is still a pretty good, reliable, and accurate source, and in general a solid foundation from where to start, in matters of Jewish history. I don't think it can be simply completely dismissed just on the basis of the age of the material. Thanks, warshy^talk 19:26, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Some of the material isn't appropriate for a general article on Philo. His views on numerology for instance. While it may make sense for the JE to be as comprehensive as possible, it does not for a Wikipedia article. If Philo's numerology is notable in your opinion, I would start a new article on that. Also, an article that has just one source needs work more immediately than just revising the text. A fresh start would create a better article in the end. I'm following the Wiki Policy of Be Bold! as well. However, if you think a section should be reinserted, undo my changes. Each section is a different edit. Mnnlaxer (talk) 02:03, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

I've replaced the Copy and Past template with the Template:Jewish_Encyclopedia and Template:Refimprove templates. The article still needs a lot of work. Please pitch in and help out! Mnnlaxer (talk) 21:13, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Judaean?

That's just wrong, in English. The "religion" field possibly should be more specific than Jewish, but the other additions of "Judaean" are less specific than Jewish, even if they were sourced. Furthermore, there's a probable 3RR violation. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 12:05, 1 November 2013 (UTC) Specifically,

1. "Jewish" (appears to be) sourced, although it isn't attacked to any particular reference.
2. "Judaean" (appears to be) not sourced.
3. Even if "Judaean" is accurate and found to be sourced, "Jewish" should not be removed.
4. "Pharisee" is not a religion or a religious sect, at least according to the Wikipedia article, so should not appear in the "religion" field. (This is arguable, but it needs to be argued, as it appears to also be one of the "schools of philosophy" within Judaism.) If found accurate, and sourced, it should be elsewhere in the article, not in the infobox.

— Arthur Rubin (talk) 12:22, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Jewish / Judean are used interchangeably by authors on the subject. In the contemporary context there was only one word for the two concepts - Ioudaios. There are many sources that call Philo "Judean" instead of "Jewish" - a quick google books search makes that clear.

Pharisee is to Temple Judaism as Catholic is to modern Christianity. The Pharisees believed in Oral Law, whereas the larger Saducee sect did not.

Oncenawhile (talk) 14:02, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Interesting point about the Pharisees; perhaps you should work to get that explanation into our Wikipedia article. As for "Judaean", in spite of the article Ioudaios, "Jewish" represents a religion, and "Judaean" represents either a people from a geographical area, a people associated with that geographic area or a philosophy relating to one of the previous. "Judaean" is not more specific than "Jewish". If sources can be found, both should be in the article. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 17:40, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Dead links

All the references to http://cornerstonepublications.org/ appear dead. Some of the Philo works references could be redirected to earlychristianwritings.com, e.g. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book15.html What do people think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbjbjbjbjb (talk • contribs) 07:53, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

"proto-gnostic"?

See Template:Gnosticism.

Personally I think this should not appear on a template unless it is discussed in the article.

Discuss.

Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 12:29, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Woodcut from Die Schedelsche Weltchronik

By clicking the link for Schedelsche under the woodcut picture for Philo, I notice that the same picture is used for Aesop (Elopus). Was it customary for some illustrators like Hartmann Schedel to use the same picture for different historical figures? If so, it seems inappropriate to present that woodcut image as a representation of Philo, especially without mentioning that apparent contradiction (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel). — Preceding unsigned comment added by FreQuester (talk • contribs) 18:31, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

Yes, this was a common practice in the Renaissance. The Nuremberg Chronicle, written by Schedel, used the same woodcut of a pope for various popes. Some of the cityscapes are also identical and labeled with the names of different cities even though Schedel was a cartographer! William Ivins, the late Curator of Prints at the Metropolitan Museum, wrote a book on this subject titled Prints and Visual Communications. Education was still largely rhetorical at the time and the indifference to visual accuracy was normal in a culture that had no way of reproducing visual images accurately. They were using copies of copies and had a kind of Platonic idea about images. This was one of the things that retarded the growth of science and that printing and lithography helped resolve.

One other item: some reference should be made to Erwin Goodenough's By Light, Light which deals with Philo's work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Siegeltuch (talk • contribs) 18:20, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

incorrect link

The supposed English translations here http://opengreekandlatin.github.io/english_trans-dev/ Are not listed in the menu. Please go to the translations and link to them exactly. If they're not there, change the external link to this site. 100.15.117.207 (talk) 13:57, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 13 external links on Philo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:

• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/
• Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201184542/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/ to http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

This message was posted before February 2018. After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{source check}} (last update: 5 June 2024).

• If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with this tool.
• If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with this tool.

Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 09:12, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Incarnations

In a lecture in Berlin 1903-08-24 published first in GA088 in 1999, Steiner describes the example of Philo of Alexandria. "His Individuality came back as Spinoza and then as Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Here we have one Individuality incarnating consecutively in three personalities. Reading Fichte with this knowledge makes a tremendous difference in understanding his words and writings."

philo define — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.160.28.175 (talk) 15:34, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

References

Legacy

Some Jewish scholars/historians consider that his main role was actually preparing the way for Christianity -- his writings were not accepted by the mainstream of post-Temple-destruction Judaism and his books were preserved over the long term by Christians only, and by a few centuries after Philo's lifetime, the majority of the Egyptian Jewish community ended up converting to Christianity... AnonMoos (talk) 16:44, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

Who are these scholars, and what changes should this require in current text of the entry if you are correct? Thank you, warshy ^(¥¥) 18:51, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

I read something several decades ago, and I doubt that I'd be able to find those exact sources, but the "ALEXANDRIAN PHILOSOPHY" article in the on-line Jewish Encyclopedia says:

"Nor did he found any school. Greek ideas, it is true, penetrated, after him, into Talmudic writings, but probably through other channels than Philo. The prophet had no honor in his own country; his name would have disappeared, because his philosophy led away from the pure monotheism of the Jew, had not his mental bent persisted in the development of Christian doctrine."

I actually own a physical paper copy of the mid-20th-century edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia in light blue hardback covers, which is apparently a later edition than the one on-line, but they're at the bottom of a big pile of books and not that easy to access for me, especially since I don't know which volume I'd need... AnonMoos (talk) 16:27, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Philo and slave theory that even good people can fall into slavery but should be treated fairly?

Example "Philo: Every Good Man is Free - Early Jewish Writings". I thought he was famous for this? Can anybody expand? SvenAERTS (talk) 11:58, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Conversation of their and Jesus on cross?

What was said that he got to go to paridise but other their didn't 64.147.229.91 (talk) 13:24, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Regarding “nationalism” in ancient Judea

How can we reconcile that nationalism as a popular ideology according to scholarly consensus only began after the French Revolution? If we consider the Judean revolt as a display of nationalism, why wouldn't Bato's uprising be classified as the same? This must fall under WP:FRINGE, nowhere do any sources on nationalism refer to the Judean revolt or any other ancient or medieval uprising as “nationalist”. It's just as anachronistic and historically illiterate to classify it as anti-imperialism. Andro611 (talk) 00:07, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Well, that's not what the sources say. Check out this one too [1] Andre🚐 00:29, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

The paper you linked discusses the impact of the Yosippon on 19th century Jewish nationalism. It in no way claims Yosippon was a work of Jewish nationalism nor that such a concept existed in the 10th century. Andro611 (talk) 15:40, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Hmm, I see the argument you're making, that Josippon was a "prominent source of inspiration for Jewish nationalism" even though it came from the 10th century, it itself was not a work of nationalism, but that feels like splitting hairs. Anyway, this was about Philo, not Josippon, so I'm getting off track. There are 2 sources cited. I added one which uses the phrase "Hebrew cultural nationalism" and there was another one by Daniel Schwartz, which I haven't read the exact sentence used, so we should check into that. But whether this is properly considered "proto-nationalism" or "pseudo-nationalism" feels like semantics and splitting hairs. Wikipedia should use the words that sources use. I'm open to something like "burgeoning Jewish national sentiment." Andre🚐 21:07, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Here's another reference to ancient Judean nationalism [2] While the impact of wars and national humiliations in the ancient Jewish cultural nationalism has been studied extensively, little has been written about the role of the related phenomena of cultures of resentment against foreigners or minority groups. Well before the Hellenistic period, Andre🚐 04:14, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

I propose writing the sentence as: “...Rome was seeking to suppress Hebrew cultural identity...”

There is no dispute that a Jewish identity did exist in antiquity. However, nationalism, as political and social concept emerged in the aftermath of the French Revolution, 1700 years later. This cannot be more clearly stated here. “Nationalism is modern movement.” Andro611 (talk) 00:55, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

And what is your response to the article I just shared and quoted in the Nations and Nationalism journal, Tebes 2017? Andre🚐 01:01, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

My response is that nationalism is political movement originating in 19th century Europe, just like Tebes himself (with whose work I am acquainted enough to know he is not a perennialist) stated on page 2 and again on page 3 of the article you just shared. Moreover it does not concern with Jewish nationalism, but with the formation of Jewish identity through enmity with the Edomites and national humilitation by the Babylonians. Furthermore, Tebes points out that even in the most clear-cut example of national identity leading the struggle for independence (Nabopolassar's war against Assyria) which I can admit is reminiscent of 19th and 20th century nationalist ideology, we cannot be certain these feelings ever extended beyond the social elites – unlike in the 19th and 20th century. Because nationalism is a mass-movement. Nationalism coincides with literacy. To be a nationalist of your own mind you have to be literate. Reading clubs, the Enlightenment, mass education, bourgeois revolution are all phenomena of a modern world. Andro611 (talk) 13:39, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Thanks for your email, but I'd prefer to discuss this on wiki. To clarify, my point about literacy referred to nationalism in general as a mass movement, not specifically Tebes.

“Nationalism” by itself is largely understood to be what Tebes refers to as “modern nationalism” to differentiate it within the context of his paper. Andro611 (talk) 17:52, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Age at death calculation?

Hi - why is the age at death estimated to be 75? Shouldn't it be 71? 20+50+1 for year 0. Apologies if this is a newb question. 136.62.178.176 (talk) 12:01, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Philosophone(s)

Philosophy Speaker

in this case we can reunderstand ourselves as Biblical Philosophones, beings using their love of wisdom scripturocentrically to communicate and express ideas Mintosoares (talk) 21:14, 6 February 2024 (UTC)