Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
 | |
| Association | NCAA |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1972 |
| Commissioner | Kris Dunbar (since 2018) |
| Sports fielded |
|
| Division | Division II |
| No. of teams | 11 |
| Headquarters | Bay City, Michigan |
| Region | Great Lakes |
| Official website | www |
| Locations | |
 | |
The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level.
The GLIAC was founded in June 1972. Its eleven member institutions are located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. There are three affiliate members who compete in the GLIAC for sports not sponsored by their home conference.
Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season. Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC), which began play in 1990. The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999, and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall.
History
[edit]Chronological timeline
[edit]- 1972: The GLIAC began competition in the 1972-73 academic year.[1] The charter members were Ferris State University, Grand Valley State University, Lake Superior State University, Northwood Institute (now Northwood University) and Saginaw Valley State University. Initially the GLIAC competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).
- 1974:
- Women's programs became part of the GLIAC, effective in the 1974–1975 academic year.
- Oakland University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1974–1975 academic year.
- 1975: Hillsdale College, Northern Michigan University and Wayne State University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1975–1976 academic year. Northern Michigan continued to play football as an NCAA Division II independent.
- 1977: Northern Michigan left the GLIAC, effective after the 1976–1977 academic year.
- 1980: Michigan Technological University (Michigan Tech) joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1980–1981 academic year.
- 1986: Michigan Tech left GLIAC football effective in the 1986-1987 academic year, but remained in the conference in other sports.
- 1987:
- Northwood left the GLIAC, effective after the 1986–1987 academic year.
- Northern Michigan re-joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1987–1988 academic year.
- 1989–1990: The GLIAC dropped football as a sponsored sport, effective after the 1989–1990 academic year.
- 1992: Northwood re-joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1992–1993 academic year.
- 1994: On December 14, 1994, Ashland University, Gannon University and Mercyhurst College (now Mercyhurst University) joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1995–1996 academic year.
- 1997:
- Oakland left the GLIAC to become a Division I Independent, effective after the 1996-1997 academic year. (Oakland later joined the Mid-Continent Conference, effective in the 1998–1999 academic year).
- The University of Findlay joined the GLIAC, effective in the 1997–1998 academic year.
- 1999: The GLIAC reinstated football as a sponsored sport by merging with the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC). The only non-GLIAC member of the MIFC, the University of Indianapolis (UIndy) became a football-only affiliate of the GLIAC, effective in the 1999 fall season (1999–2000 academic year).
- 2001: Indianapolis added men's and women's swimming & diving to its GLIAC affiliate membership, effective in the 2001–2002 academic year.
- 2004: Lewis University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's and women's swimming and diving, effective in the 2004–2005 academic year.
- 2007: On June 20, 2007, Tiffin University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2008–2009 academic year.
- 2008: Gannon and Mercyhurst left the GLIAC to join the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC), effective after the 2007–2008 academic year.
- 2010: Lake Erie College and Ohio Dominican University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2010–2011 academic year.
- 2012:
- Malone University and Walsh University joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2012–2013 academic year.
- Notre Dame College joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for some sports (football, women's lacrosse, men's and women's soccer, and wrestling), effective in the 2012–2013 academic year.
- Alderson Broaddus University, Urbana University and Wheeling Jesuit University joined the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective in the 2013 spring season (2012–2013 academic year).
- 2013:
- Notre Dame (OH) left the GLIAC as an affiliate member to move its sports into its new primary conference home in the Mountain East Conference, effective after the 2012–2013 academic year.
- UIndy and Lewis left the GLIAC as affiliate members for men's and women's swimming & diving, effective after the 2012–2013 academic year.
- Ursuline College joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's lacrosse and women's swimming & diving, effective in the 2012–2013 academic year.
- 2014:
- Urbana and Wheeling Jesuit left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2014 spring season (2013–2014 academic year).
- McKendree University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's lacrosse, effective in the 2015 spring season (2014–2015 academic year).
- 2015:
- Alderson Broaddus and Ursuline left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2015 spring season (2014–2015 academic year).
- UIndy added women's lacrosse to its GLIAC affiliate membership, effective in the 2016 spring season (2015–2016 academic year).
- 2016:
- Malone left the GLIAC to join the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC), effective after the 2015–2016 academic year.
- Ursuline left the GLIAC as an affiliate member for women's swimming & diving, effective after the 2015–2016 academic year.
- 2017:
- Findlay, Hillsdale, Lake Erie, Ohio Dominican and Walsh left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2016–2017 academic year.
- Davenport University and Purdue University–Northwest joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2017–2018 academic year.
- Concordia University, St. Paul joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's lacrosse, effective in the 2018 spring season (2017–2018 academic year).
- 2018:
- Tiffin left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2017–2018 academic year.
- The University of Wisconsin–Parkside joined the GLIAC, effective in the 2018–2019 academic year. It also adopted the new athletic brand name of Parkside.
- Three institutions joined the GLIAC as affiliate members: Lewis and Maryville University for women's lacrosse, and St. Cloud State University for men's swimming and men's swimming & diving, effective in the 2018–2019 academic year.
- 2019:
- UIndy, Lewis, Maryville and McKendree left the GLIAC as affiliate members for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2019 spring season (2018–2019 academic year).
- Upper Iowa University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's soccer and women's lacrosse, effective in the 2019–2020 academic year.
- 2021:
- Ashland left the GLIAC to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2020–2021 academic year.
- Augustana University joined the GLIAC as an affiliate member for men's swimming & diving, effective in the 2021–2022 academic year.
- 2022:
- Northwood left the GLIAC for a second time to join the G-MAC, effective after the 2021–2022 academic year.
- Roosevelt University announced it would join the GLIAC, effective in the 2023–2024 academic year. Although Roosevelt will join the conference as a provisional member, it will continue to compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) in 2023–2024 before beginning competition as a full GLIAC member in July 2024.
- Upper Iowa announces its intent to move to the Great Lakes Valley Conference in all sports after the 2022–2023 academic year, including its GLIAC affiliated sports of women's lacrosse and men's soccer.
Member schools
[edit]Current members
[edit]The GLIAC currently has 11 full members; all but two are public schools. Reclassifying members in yellow.
| Institution | Location | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined[a] | Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davenport University | Grand Rapids, Michigan | 1866 | Nonsectarian | 5,384 | Panthers | 2017 | |
| Ferris State University | Big Rapids, Michigan | 1884 | Public | 10,072 | Bulldogs | 1972 | |
| Grand Valley State University | Allendale, Michigan | 1960 | Public | 22,406 | Lakers | 1972 | |
| Lake Superior State University | Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan | 1946 | Public | 1,655 | Lakers | 1972 | |
| Michigan Technological University | Houghton, Michigan | 1885 | Public | 7,074 | Huskies | 1980 | |
| Northern Michigan University | Marquette, Michigan | 1899 | Public | 6,970 | Wildcats | 1975; 1987[b] |
|
| Purdue University Northwest | Hammond and Westville, Indiana |
1946[c] | Public | 6,861 | Pride | 2017 | |
| Roosevelt University | Chicago, Illinois | 1945 | Nonsectarian | 3,725 | Lakers | 2023[d] | |
| Saginaw Valley State University | University Center, Michigan | 1963 | Public | 7,523 | Cardinals | 1972 | |
| Wayne State University | Detroit, Michigan | 1868 | Public | 23,788 | Warriors | 1975 | |
| University of Wisconsin–Parkside | Somers, Wisconsin | 1968 | Public | 3,966 | Rangers | 2018 |
- Notes
- ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
- ^ Northern Michigan left the GLIAC after the 1976–77 school year; which would later re-join back in the 1987–88 school year.
- ^ Purdue Northwest was originally founded as two separate institutions: Purdue University–Calumet in Hammond and Purdue University–North Central in Westville, which both began offering degrees in 1946. The two institutions were merged to become Purdue Northwest in 2016.
- ^ Roosevelt joined the GLIAC as a provisional member in July 2023 while still competing in the NAIA's Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC); it began competition as a full GLIAC member since fall 2024.
Affiliate members
[edit]The GLIAC currently has three affiliate members, all but one are private schools:
| Institution | Location | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined[a] | Colors | GLIAC sport |
Primary conference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augustana University | Sioux Falls, South Dakota | 1860 | Lutheran ELCA | 2,113 | Vikings | 2021 | men's swimming & diving | Northern Sun (NSIC) | |
| Concordia University–St. Paul | Saint Paul, Minnesota | 1893 | Lutheran LCMS | 5,139 | Golden Bears | 2017 | women's lacrosse | ||
| St. Cloud State University | St. Cloud, Minnesota | 1869 | Public | 12,608 | Huskies | 2018m.sw.; 2018m.soc. |
men's swimming & diving; men's soccer |
- Notes
- ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
Former members
[edit]The GLIAC had 13 former full members; all but one are private schools:
- Notes
- ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
- ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
- ^ a b Currently an NCAA Division I athletic conference.
- ^ The Oakland campus has a Rochester mailing address, but lies within the separate cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
- ^ Currently an NCAA Division III athletic conference.
Former affiliate members
[edit]The GLIAC had nine former affiliate members, all were private schools. School names and nicknames reflect those in use in the final season each school was an affiliate:
| Institution | Location | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined[a] | Left[b] | GLIAC sport |
Primary conference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alderson Broaddus University | Philippi, West Virginia | 1871 | Baptist | 2,306 | Battlers | 2012 | 2015 | women's lacrosse | N/A[c] |
| University of Indianapolis | Indianapolis, Indiana | 1902 | United Methodist | 4,168 | Greyhounds | 1999fb.; 2015w.lax.; 2000m.sw.; 2000w.sw. |
2012fb.; 2019w.lax.; 2013m.sw.; 2013w.sw. |
football; women's lacrosse; men's swimming & diving; women's swimming & diving |
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) |
| Lewis University | Romeoville, Illinois | 1932 | Catholic | 4,306 | Flyers | 2018w.lax. 2004m.sw. 2004w.sw. |
2019w.lax. 2013m.sw. 2013w.sw. |
women's lacrosse; men's swimming & diving; women's swimming & diving |
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) |
| Maryville University | Town and Country, Missouri[d] | 1872 | Catholic | 5,504 | Saints | 2018 | 2019 | women's lacrosse | Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) |
| McKendree University | Lebanon, Illinois | 1828 | United Methodist | 1,702 | Bearcats | 2014 | 2019 | women's lacrosse | Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) |
| Notre Dame College | South Euclid, Ohio | 1922 | Catholic | 2,200 | Falcons | 2012fb.; 2012w.lax.; 2012m.soc.; 2012w.soc.; 2012wr. |
2013fb.; 2013w.lax.; 2013m.soc.; 2013w.soc.; 2013wr. |
football; women's lacrosse; men's soccer; women's soccer; wrestling |
N/A[e] |
| Upper Iowa University | Fayette, Iowa | 1857 | Nonsectarian | N/A | Peacocks | 2019w.lax.; 2019m.soc. |
2022w.lax.; 2023m.soc. |
women's lacrosse; men's soccer |
Great Lakes Valley (GLVC) |
| Urbana University | Urbana, Ohio | 1850 | Nonsectarian | N/A | Blue Knights | 2012 | 2014 | women's lacrosse | N/A[f] |
| Ursuline College | Pepper Pike, Ohio | 1850 | Catholic | 1,073 | Arrows | 2013w.lax.; 2013w.sw. |
2015w.lax.; 2016w.sw. |
women's lacrosse; women's swimming & diving |
Great Midwest (G-MAC) |
| Wheeling Jesuit University[g] | Wheeling, West Virginia | 1954 | Catholic | 1,600 | Cardinals | 2012 | 2014 | women's lacrosse | Mountain East (MEC) |
- Notes
- ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
- ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
- ^ Alderson Broaddus closed after the 2022–23 school year.
- ^ The main campus is located in Town and Country but has a St. Louis mailing address.
- ^ Notre Dame (Oh.) closed after the 2023–24 school year.
- ^ Urbana closed after the 2019–20 school year.
- ^ Currently known as Wheeling University since 2019.
Membership timeline
[edit]The GLIAC dropped football after the 1989 fall season (1989–1990 school year) and resumed it since the 1999 fall season (1999–2000 school year).
Full member (all sports) Full member (non-football) Associate member (football-only) Associate member (sport)
Sports
[edit]The GLIAC sponsors the following 21 sports:[2]
| Sport | Men's | Women's |
|---|---|---|
| Baseball | 
|
|
| Basketball |
|
|
| Cross Country |
|
|
| Football |
|
|
| Golf |
|
|
| Lacrosse |
| |
| Soccer |
|
|
| Softball |
| |
| Swimming & Diving |
|
|
| Tennis |
|
|
| Track & Field Indoor |
|
|
| Track & Field Outdoor |
|
|
| Volleyball |
|
Men's sponsored sports by school
[edit]| School | Baseball | Basketball | Cross Country |
Football | Golf | Soccer | Swimming & Diving |
Tennis | Track & Field Indoor |
Track & Field Outdoor |
Total GLIAC Sports | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davenport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Ferris State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | ||||
| Grand Valley State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Lake Superior State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 | |||||
| Michigan Tech |
|
|
|
|
|
5 | ||||||
| Northern Michigan |
|
|
|
|
|
5 | ||||||
| Parkside |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | ||||
| Purdue Northwest |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 | |||
| Roosevelt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Saginaw Valley State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Wayne State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | ||||
| Totals | 7 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 81 | |
| Affiliate Members | ||||||||||||
| Augustana |
|
1 | ||||||||||
| St. Cloud State |
|
|
2 | |||||||||
Women's sponsored sports by school
[edit]| School | Basketball | Cross Country | Golf | Lacrosse | Soccer | Softball | Swimming & Diving | Tennis | Track & field Indoor |
Track & field Outdoor |
Volleyball | Total GLIAC Sports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davenport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
| Ferris State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Grand Valley State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
| Lake Superior State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | ||||
| Michigan Tech |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 | |||||
| Northern Michigan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Parkside |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | ||||
| Purdue Northwest |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Roosevelt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 | |||
| Saginaw Valley State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 | |
| Wayne State |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 | ||
| Totals | 12 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 104 |
| Affiliate Member | ||||||||||||
| Concordia–St. Paul |
|
1 | ||||||||||
Other sponsored sports by school
[edit]| School | Men | Women | Co-ed | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ice Hockey[a] | Lacrosse | Volleyball | Wrestling | Bowling | Stunt[b] | Wrestling[b] | Fencing[a] | Skiing[a] | ||||
| Davenport | G-MAC | G-MAC | G-MAC | IND | ||||||||
| Ferris State | CCHA | |||||||||||
| Grand Valley State | IND | |||||||||||
| Lake Superior State | CCHA | |||||||||||
| Michigan Tech | CCHA | CCSA | ||||||||||
| Northern Michigan | CCHA | [c] | IND | CCSA[d] | ||||||||
| Parkside | NSIC[3] | |||||||||||
| Roosevelt | IND[e] | TBD | ||||||||||
| Wayne State | MFC | |||||||||||
- ^ a b c De facto Division I sport. In men's ice hockey, the NCAA Division I championship is open to Division II members. In fencing and skiing, the NCAA sponsors single championship events open to members of all three divisions.
- ^ a b Part of the NCAA Emerging Sports for Women program.
- ^ Northern Michigan houses an official U.S. Olympic training center for the non-NCAA discipline of Greco-Roman wrestling. All trainees are enrolled at NMU, and are recognized as NMU varsity athletes.
- ^ Northern Michigan only competes in NCAA-sponsored events in Nordic skiing. Its Alpine skiing squad is recognized as a varsity team, but does not compete in NCAA events.
- ^ Joining the GLVC in 2025.
In addition to the above:
- Davenport has varsity teams in esports (coeducational) as well as men's and women's ultimate.
- Michigan Tech and Purdue Northwest have coeducational varsity esports teams.
- Northern Michigan recognizes esports (fully coeducational) as a varsity sport. Also, the university hosts an official U.S. Olympic training center for men's and women's weightlifting; all participants in this program are enrolled at NMU, and are recognized as varsity athletes.
- Roosevelt recognizes ACHA (club) D1 and D2 men's hockey as well as ACHA women's hockey within its athletic department.
Championships
[edit]National Championships
[edit]GLIAC schools have won 49 NCAA National Championships:
| Year | Sport | School |
|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Football | Northern Michigan |
| 1980 | Men's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1990 | Women's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1991 | Women's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1992 | Women's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1993 | Women's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1993 | Women's volleyball | Northern Michigan |
| 1994 | Men's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1994 | Women's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1994 | Women's volleyball | Northern Michigan |
| 1995 | Men's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1996 | Men's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 1997 | Men's swimming & diving | Oakland |
| 2002 | Football | Grand Valley State |
| 2003 | Football | Grand Valley State |
| 2005 | Football | Grand Valley State |
| 2005 | Women's volleyball | Grand Valley State |
| 2006 | Women's basketball | Grand Valley State |
| 2006 | Football | Grand Valley State |
| 2009 | Men's basketball | Findlay |
| 2009 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2010 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2010 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2011 | Women's track & field (I) | Grand Valley State |
| 2011 | Women's track & field (O) | Grand Valley State |
| 2012 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2012 | Women's swimming & diving | Wayne State (MI) |
| 2012 | Women's track & field (I) | Grand Valley State |
| 2012 | Women's track & field (O) | Grand Valley State |
| 2013 | Women's basketball | Ashland |
| 2013 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2013 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2014 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2014 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2015 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2016 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2016 | Men's track & field (I) | Tiffin |
| 2017 | Women's basketball | Ashland |
| 2017 | Men's track & field (I) | Tiffin |
| 2018 | Men's basketball | Ferris State |
| 2018 | Men's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2018 | Women's cross country | Grand Valley State |
| 2019 | Men's track & field (I) | Ashland |
| 2019 | Men's track & field (O) | Ashland |
| 2019 | Women's soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2021 | Women's track & field (O) | Grand Valley State |
| 2021 | Men's Cross Country | Grand Valley State |
| 2021 | Women's Soccer | Grand Valley State |
| 2021 | Football | Ferris State |
| 2022 | Men's Track & Field (I) | Grand Valley State |
| 2022 | Football | Ferris State |
Conference facilities
[edit]| School | Football | Basketball | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stadium | Capacity[4] | Arena | Capacity | |
| Davenport | Meyering Field | 2,300 | Davenport Student Center | 1,500 |
| Ferris State | Top Taggart Field | 6,200 | Jim Wink Arena | 2,400 |
| Grand Valley State | Lubbers Stadium | 10,444 | GVSU Fieldhouse | 4,200 |
| Lake Superior State | non-football school | Ronald "Bud" Cooper Gymnasium | 2,500 | |
| Michigan Tech | Sherman Field | 3,000 | SDC Gymnasium | 3,200 |
| Northern Michigan | Superior Dome | 8,000 | Vandament Arena | 3,000 |
| Parkside | non-football school | DeSimone Gymnasium | 2,120 | |
| Purdue Northwest | non-football school | John Friend Court H.D. Kesling Gymnasium |
— 1,500 | |
| Roosevelt | Morris Field | Goodman Center | 500 | |
| Saginaw Valley State | Wickes Memorial Stadium | 6,300 | James E. O'Neill Jr. Arena | 3,500 |
| Wayne State | Adams Field | 6,000 | Wayne State Fieldhouse | 3,000 |
References
[edit]- ^ "GLIAC Membership History". Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Official GLIAC Athletic Site". Archived from the original on August 18, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "NSIC to add UW-Parkside as associated member in wrestling starting in 2021-22" (Press release). Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. June 4, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
- ^ "GLIAC Stadiums". D2Football.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
External links
[edit]
| Super Region 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Super Region 2 | ||
| Super Region 3 | ||
| Super Region 4 | ||
| Division II | ||
| NCAA | ||