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Te Wairoa, New Zealand

Coordinates: 38°12′45″S 176°21′52″E / 38.212598°S 176.364575°E / -38.212598; 176.364575
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For the Māori tribe, see Te Wairoa (iwi).

Te Wairoa
Ghost town
Dwelling at Te Wairoa
Etymology: "the long stream" in Māori[1]
Nickname: 
Buried Village
Location of Te Wairoa
Location of Te Wairoa
Te Wairoa
Location of Te Wairoa
Coordinates: 38°12′45″S 176°21′52″E / 38.212598°S 176.364575°E / -38.212598; 176.364575[2]
CountryNew Zealand
RegionBay of Plenty
DistrictRotorua
Founded bySeymour Mills Spencer
Elevation
400 m (1,300 ft)
Population
 (2018)
 • Total0

Te Wairoa was a village close to the shore of Lake Tarawera near Rotorua, New Zealand. The village was buried by volcanic ash in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera. It was later excavated and is now open as a tourist destination, the Buried Village. The nearby Wairere Falls are also a tourist destination.

The Buried Village is open to the public and shows the excavated ruins of the village, recovered relics on display in a museum and the history of the eruption. It is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south-east of Rotorua on Tarawera Road.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of 'the long stream' for Te Wairoa.[3]

History

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Te Wairoa was a Māori and European settlement founded about 1850 by the Reverend Seymour Mills Spencer where visitors would stay on their way to visit the Pink and White Terraces.[4]: 56  About 1865 the New Zealand Wars resulted in temporary abandonment of the town until the 1870s.[4]: 58 

At the time of the eruption it had two hotels, McRae's Hotel (Rotomahana Hotel, 25 rooms),[5] and the Terrace Hotel (Terrace Temperance Hotel, 12 rooms),[6] but these had only 3 guests.[4]: 58  There were about a 135 permanent inhabitants, but because of a tangi many Māori were visiting.[4]: 58  The village and the terraces were destroyed by the eruption of Mount Tarawera on 10 June 1886. One hundred and twenty people died in the eruption, many of them in other villages closer to the volcano.[7] The site of one of these villages (Kokotaia) was utilised in the postulated rediscovery of the Pink and White Terrace locations.[8]

A Māori meeting house named Hinemihi (more fully Hinemihi o te Ao Tawhito), which provided shelter to the people of Te Wairoa village during the eruption, was relocated in 1892 to Clandon Park as an ornamental garden building and a souvenir of William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow.[9]

1886 eruption

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Being 13 km (8.1 mi) from Mount Tarawera, those in the village were among the nearest surviving witnesses of its 1886 eruption.[10]: 29–30  During the day of 9 June there had been a little rain but the evening was fine and clear.[10]: 29 [11]: 10  About half-past midnight on 10 June slight earthquakes were noticed by some in Te Wairoa who were not asleep.[10]: 29  Between 1:15 a.m. by a Te Wairoa account and 1:20 a.m. by another observer with a watch, there was a flash of light.[11]: 19  A column of dark vapour, described as black smoke, was seen rising by some of the inhabitants of Te Wairoa by 1:30 am.[10]: 29  Most Te Wairoa witnesses seem to have been awaken by about 1:45 a.m.[11]: 19–20  At Te Wairoa the first stones fell about 3 am with mud or ashes continuing to fall until 9 a.m.[10]: 30  Roofs had collapsed by 3:40 a.m.[11]: 20  There was no difficulty in walking about on the surface of the ash next morning,[11]: 20  but after had been trampled on for a day or two the surface along the road was converted into mud.[10]: 64  Much of the ash fell either as mud or in a moist, flaky condition,[11]: 20  which after little rain converted to mud. At Te Wairoa after the eruption, the ash depth was 0.8636 m (2 ft 10.00 in), and one of the deeper layers was in a very wet state.[10]: 64  Over 40% of the ash deposit was described as fine, white and earthy, but not plastic,[10]: 60  with black scoria layers varying from 7 to 22%, by weight.[10]: 63 

From dawn, which was about 7:15 a.m., it being winter, some survivors set off towards Rotorua. Rescue parties meet them on the way and some of the able-bodied chose to return to Te Wairoa to aid in digging out the buried.[4]: 59  Some looting had occurred when the rescuers arrived.[4]: 59 

Other accounts suggest that the surface basaltic eruptions of Tarawera proper stopped some time on the 10th, with the last record of Mount Tarawera noisy activity being about 5 p.m. and only steam observed from 11 June.[11]: 11–12  Significant hydrothermal eruptions continued in the Rotomahana crater until the night of 12 July 1886,[11]: 12  related to subsurface intrusion of the basalt along a dyke into the pre-existing hydrothermal systems of the Rotomahana area.[12]: 4  This correct molten dyke hypothesis was postulated soon after the eruption, but was not geological mainstream understanding of some volcanic activity at the time.[11]: 16–18 

During an earthquake following the eruption on 20 July, on the road between Rotorua and Te Wairoa, a fissure was opened, where a post eruption pond had formed, that was 230 m (750 ft) long and up to 30 m (98 ft) deep.[10]: 38–39 

Pictures relevant to Te Wairoa
  • Tourist guides Sophia Hinerangi (standing), Kati and another, outside Hinemihi meeting house at Te Wairoa. Taken by Elizabeth Pulman about 1881
    Tourist guides Sophia Hinerangi (standing), Kati and another, outside Hinemihi meeting house at Te Wairoa. Taken by Elizabeth Pulman about 1881
  • Photograph of a group of Maori between 1881 and 1886, in front of the Hinemihi meeting house at Te Wairoa, Lake Tarawera, New Zealand. Āporo Te Wharekāniwha is holding a club aloft, and died of illness in Rotorua's Sanatorium Hospital on 23 May 1886.
    Photograph of a group of Maori between 1881 and 1886, in front of the Hinemihi meeting house at Te Wairoa, Lake Tarawera, New Zealand. Āporo Te Wharekāniwha is holding a club aloft, and died of illness in Rotorua's Sanatorium Hospital on 23 May 1886.
  • Hinemihi Meeting House at Te Wairoa immediately after the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.
    Hinemihi Meeting House at Te Wairoa immediately after the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.
  • Hinemihi Meeting House as restored at its new location at Clandon Park
    Hinemihi Meeting House as restored at its new location at Clandon Park
  • Te Wairoa, McRae's Hotel, Sophia's whare and Terrace Hotel in 1886
    Te Wairoa, McRae's Hotel, Sophia's whare and Terrace Hotel in 1886
  • Buried village November 2009
    Buried village November 2009
  • Buried village June 2011
    Buried village June 2011

Wairere Falls

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The Wairoa Stream flows on the southern edge of the village[13] and over the Wairere Falls. The stream links Lake Rotokakahi (394.9 m (1,296 ft)) above sea level with Lake Tarawera (298 m (978 ft)) above sea level.[14]: 24  Visitors to Te Wairoa may descend the falls via a trail with steps.[15]

Wairere Falls at Te Wairoa
  • Waterfall at Te Wairoa, near Rotorua 1908
    Waterfall at Te Wairoa, near Rotorua 1908
  • The upper fall is almost 30 m (98 ft) high
    The upper fall is almost 30 m (98 ft) high
  • The upper and lower falls
    The upper and lower falls
  • The upper falls in 2011
    The upper falls in 2011

References

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  1. ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
  2. ^ NZ Topo Map:Te Wairoa
  3. ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Simmons, Alexy (1991). "Te Wairoa, The Buried Village: A Summary of Recent Research and Excavations" (PDF). Australian Historical Archaeology. 9.
  5. ^ "Wairoa Hotel". Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  6. ^ "Terrace Temperance Hotel (Te Wairoa, N.Z.)". Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  7. ^ Lowe, David; Keam, Ron; Lee, Daphne (2001). "How Many Deaths Were Caused by the Tarawera Eruption?". Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter. 126: 18–20. hdl:10289/10132.
  8. ^ Bunn, Rex; Nolden, Sascha (7 June 2017). "Forensic cartography with Hochstetter's 1859 Pink and White Terraces survey: Te Otukapuarangi and Te Tarata". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 48: 39–56. doi:10.1080/03036758.2017.1329748. ISSN 0303-6758. S2CID 134907436.
  9. ^ "Hinemihi". Hinemihi.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thomas, A. P. W. (1888). Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, N.Z. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hutton, F. W. (1887). Report on the Tarawera Volcanic District. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  12. ^ Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (1 July 2022). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. Bibcode:2022JVGR..42707552B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681. S2CID 248111450.
  13. ^ "Wairere Falls, Bay of Plenty". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  14. ^ White, P; Toews, M; Tschritter, C; Lovett, A (2016). "Nitrogen discharge from the groundwater system to lakes and streams in the greater Lake Tarawera catchment GNS Science Consultancy Report 20151108" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  15. ^ "The magnificent Wairere Falls located in historical Buried Village". Retrieved 8 July 2018.
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