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Crawford County, Michigan

Coordinates: 44°41′N 84°37′W / 44.68°N 84.61°W / 44.68; -84.61
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Crawford County
County
Crawford County Building in Grayling
Crawford County Building in Grayling
Map of Michigan highlighting Crawford County
Location within the U.S. state of Michigan
Map of the United States highlighting Michigan
Michigan's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 44°41′N 84°37′W / 44.68°N 84.61°W / 44.68; -84.61
Country United States
State Michigan
Founded1840[1]
Named forWilliam Crawford
SeatGrayling
Largest cityGrayling
Area
 • Total
563 sq mi (1,460 km2)
 • Land556 sq mi (1,440 km2)
 • Water7.0 sq mi (18 km2)  1.2%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
12,988
 • Density25/sq mi (10/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district1st
Websitewww.crawfordco.org

Crawford County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. Its population was 12,988 as of the 2020 census.[2] The county seat of Crawford County is Grayling, the county's only incorporated community.[3]

Crawford County is located in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It contains land within three of Michigan's largest watersheds, belonging to the Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon rivers and 75% of the county is publicly owned by the Department of Military Affairs, the United States Forest Service or the State of Michigan.[4]

History

[edit]
A detail from A New Map of Michigan with its Canals, Roads & Distances (1842) by Henry Schenck Tanner, showing Crawford County as "Shawwano" (a misspelling of Shawono, the county's name from 1840 to 1843.[5]) Several nearby counties are also shown with names that would later be changed.

The county is named for Col. William Crawford,[6] a Revolutionary War officer captured by Native Americans near Sandusky, Ohio and burned at the stake in 1792. Created by the Michigan Legislature as Shawono County in 1840,[7] before being renamed in 1843 as Crawford County. "Shawono" was derived from an Ojibwe word, zhaawanong, meaning "from the south".[8] The area was administered by other Michigan counties before 1879 when the county government was organized.[5][1]

Due to the location in rural northern Michigan, Crawford County's greatest economic growth occurred in the 1800s when lumbering clear-cut most of the extensive forests of Norway pine, birch, maple, beech and hemlock.[9] With the trees gone, tourism became the center of the economy.[10] In the 1870s Crawford County became a popular destination for recreational fishing. The Michigan grayling, found in the Au Sable River, first gained the attention of anglers. The Crawford County Avalanche began publishing a weekly paper in 1879. Their first edition featured a fishing story on the front-page.[10] By the end of the century, the grayling species vanished due to a combination of overfishing, river degradation due to logging, and the impact of human-introduced brown trout. The Au Sable River of today boasts large populations of brown and rainbow trout and remains a premiere trout fishing area in both Michigan and the nation.[10]

1900s

[edit]

A 1912 text, A History of Northern Michigan and its people by Perry F. Powers & Harry Gordner Cutler describes Crawford County: The topography is rolling hills but not so steep as to impede farm equipment. The Au Sable River, along with its tributaries, traverse the entire county, providing water and locations for ranching livestock. It also presents an opportunity for superb trout fishing. On the western county line is a natural reservoir that forms the Manistee River.[9] Transportation is primarily provided by the Michigan Central railroad. The Detroit & Charlevoix railroad has track to Frederic, Michigan to the northwest. Half of the land is the county is a gravel loam soil which can produce standard crops. Thousands of acres of clear-cut old growth pine in Crawford County is available to settle. Potatoes, clover and root crops will thrive in this soil. Growing clover seed has become recognized as a “money crop”. Fruit trees are becoming a popular choice with apples being prolific and flavorful. “Plains” soil supports native grasses which stockmen are using for profitable sheep and cattle ranches throughout the county. There are few swamps and lowlands, all along narrow strips beside waterways, which can be productive with proper drainage.[9] Over a hundred years ago, people journeyed "up north" for rest, recreation and their health. Hunting has always been popular, and for wild game, large tracts of second-growth timber on land originally clear-cut provide better food and protection than the original forests did. Deer populations are stable despite the hundreds that are taken every year by settlers and sportsmen.[9]

Winter Sports Park

[edit]

The Grayling Winter Sports Park (GWSP) was opened in 1929. It started as a toboggan run that grew into Michigan's first ski resort.[11] Following the popular 1932 Winter Olympics, Grayling constructed a 66-foot ski jump in 1934. A few years later, a Winter Carnival was started that included a parade, ice sculpture competition, and a Snow Queen pageant. The park's popularity increased to the point where a "Snow Train" was established to bring skiers to Grayling from across the state.[11] Transportation from Lodges in Grayling to the park was provided by flat-bed trucks. Groomed trails were provided for Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing.[11]

The Cass City Chronicle noted in March 1941, "Due to generous support of the federal park service, state conservation department, and Civilian Conservation Corps, Grayling offers today the finest public toboggan set-up in the entire United States, and this isn't paid ballyhoo. Six steel slides are the only ones of their kind anywhere not excluding Lake Placid or Sun Valley (Idaho). Two ski tows have been in operation; next season there will be three."[12]

The Crawford County operated the GWSP into the late 1960s when Fred Bear, owner of Bear Archery, and other local businessmen assumed operational control. It was renamed, Bear Mountain and they attempted to create a commercial ski area to compete with resorts further north.[13] A legal challenge in 1973 resulted in a judgement giving control back to the county, which has operated it since then as Hanson Hills Recreation Area by the Grayling Recreation Authority.[13]


The annual canoe / kayak race record winning time is held by Scott Norman in his significantly modified kayak, which not only gave him the speed record, but also the distance record, as his brakes failed to deploy and he was retrieved by snowmobile outside of the park near M-93. "[12]

Military

[edit]
Main article: Camp Grayling

In 1913, lumber baron Rasmus Hanson donated 147,000 acres (590 km2) of harvested timberland to the state of Michigan for military training. Most of the land is situated in Crawford County, with parcels in Kalkaska and Otsego counties. Troops first began training there in 1914. It is the primary training facility for the Michigan National Guard and is the largest National Guard training facility in the United States.[14]

Hartwick Pines

[edit]
Main article: Hartwick Pines State Park

Edward Hartwick graduated from Grayling High School in 1888 and received an appointment to West Point in 1889. Four years later he graduated with high honors and was assigned to the 4th Cavalry. He soon transferred to the 9th Cavalry, known as the Buffalo Soldiers on the western frontier. With the advent of the Spanish–American War, his unit was sent to Cuba where he participated in the Battle of San Juan Hill. At wars end, he returned to Grayling and married Karen Bessie Michelson, then resigned his commission nine months later. He engaged in the banking and lumber business, prospered, and later moved to Detroit. When the United States entered World War I, he volunteered for service at age 46 and was commissioned an Army Major. After just a few months in France, he contracted meningitis and died. In 1927, Karen Michelson Hartwick purchased 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) including the last 85 acres (34 ha) of virgin old growth pine forest in Michigan's lower peninsula and donated it to the state of Michigan to honor her husband. Hartwick Pines State Park is the largest state park in the lower peninsula.

Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 563 square miles (1,460 km2), of which 556 square miles (1,440 km2) is land and 7.0 square miles (18 km2) (1.2%) is water.[15] Although it is located on Michigan's Lower Peninsula, Crawford County is considered to be part of Northern Michigan. The county contains land within three of Michigan's largest watersheds, belonging to the Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon rivers.

Crawford County has relatively few lakes, mostly in the northern part of the county. Lake Margrethe is the county's largest and has a surface area of 1,920 acres (7.8 km2). Other water bodies >100 acres include Big Bradford Lake, Big Bear Lake, KP Lake, Shellenbarger Lake, Shupac Lake and Wakeley Lake. Some of these are so-called kettle lakes,' formed by the melting of blocks of glacial ice, left as the glacier retreated, which created a depression in the soil.[16] The Manistee River flows on the western edge of the county; branches of the Au Sable River flow throughout the remainder of the county.

The county is part of the Au Sable State Forest, specifically the Grayling FMU (Alcona, Crawford, Oscoda, and northern Iosco counties). Parts of the county are also within the Huron National Forest. Glaciers shaped the area, creating a unique regional ecosystem. A large portion of the area is the so-called Grayling outwash plain, which consists of broad outwash plain including sandy ice-disintegration ridges; jack pine barrens, some white pine-red pine forest, and northern hardwood forest. Large lakes were created by glacial action.[17]

Rivers

[edit]
Neighboring counties

Adjacent counties

[edit]

Protected areas

[edit]

State Parks

[edit]

Communities

[edit]
U.S. Census data map showing local municipal boundaries within Crawford County. Shaded areas represent incorporated cities.

City

[edit]

Charter township

[edit]

Civil townships

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Ghost towns

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18801,159—
18902,962155.6%
19002,943−0.6%
19103,93433.7%
19204,0492.9%
19303,097−23.5%
19403,76521.6%
19504,15110.3%
19604,97119.8%
19706,48230.4%
19809,46546.0%
199012,26029.5%
200014,27316.4%
201014,074−1.4%
202012,988−7.7%
2023 (est.)13,538[18]4.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[19]
1790-1960[20] 1900-1990[21]
1990-2000[22] 2010-2018[2]

As of the census[23] of 2000, there were 14,273 people, 5,625 households, and 4,038 families residing in the county. The population density was 26 people per square mile (10 people/km2). There were 10,042 housing units at an average density of 18 per square mile (6.9/km2). At the 2020 census, its population was 12,988.

In 2000, the racial makeup of the county was 96.38% White, 1.50% Black or African American, 0.60% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.8% were of German, 12.5% English, 10.1% American, 8.9% Irish, 7.4% Polish and 5.9% French ancestry. 97.7% spoke English and 1.5% Spanish as their first language.

There were 5,625 households, out of which 30.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.60% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the county, 24.50% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.30% was from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.60% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 104.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.40 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the county was $33,364, and the median income for a family was $37,056. Males had a median income of $31,504 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,903. About 10.00% of families and 12.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.60% of those under age 18 and 7.60% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

[edit]

Crawford County is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord.[24] It is also located in the Episcopal Diocese of Eastern Michigan, based in Saginaw, Michigan.

Economy

[edit]

The largest employer in the county is Camp Grayling followed by the Grayling Hospital. The small size of the population won't support any big box stores; Tractor Supply Company moved into the building that Kmart vacated in the late 2010s. There have been a few small employers added to the industrial park at West Four Mile Road south of Grayling. Several microbreweries and a new art gallery opened prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and summer tourist spending is rising again.

Banking

[edit]

Crawford County has branches of two large commercial banks, Fifth Third Bank and Huntington Bank; two area banks, Horizon Bank (from Indiana) and State Savings Bank (from Gaylord); and two Michigan credit unions, Northland Area Federal Credit Union and North Central Area Credit Union.[25]

Logistics

[edit]

Several trucking companies have operations in Crawford County.

Media

[edit]

The Crawford County Avalanche states that it has been "Grayling's Hometown Newspaper Since 1879".[26]

Military

[edit]

Camp Grayling is the primary training facility for the Michigan National Guard and is the largest National Guard training facility in the United States.[14]

Government

[edit]
United States presidential election results for Crawford County, Michigan[27]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 5,613 66.14% 2,752 32.43% 122 1.44%
2020 5,087 64.71% 2,672 33.99% 102 1.30%
2016 4,354 63.62% 2,110 30.83% 380 5.55%
2012 3,744 54.95% 2,994 43.94% 76 1.12%
2008 3,561 49.61% 3,441 47.94% 176 2.45%
2004 4,017 55.52% 3,126 43.21% 92 1.27%
2000 3,345 52.56% 2,790 43.84% 229 3.60%
1996 2,157 37.70% 2,666 46.60% 898 15.70%
1992 2,193 37.01% 2,252 38.01% 1,480 24.98%
1988 3,097 62.28% 1,825 36.70% 51 1.03%
1984 3,303 67.46% 1,558 31.82% 35 0.71%
1980 2,652 53.42% 1,826 36.78% 486 9.79%
1976 2,359 54.82% 1,889 43.90% 55 1.28%
1972 1,953 61.98% 1,143 36.27% 55 1.75%
1968 1,266 55.04% 845 36.74% 189 8.22%
1964 696 32.22% 1,464 67.78% 0 0.00%
1960 1,464 65.04% 783 34.78% 4 0.18%
1956 1,380 71.50% 547 28.34% 3 0.16%
1952 1,331 72.53% 490 26.70% 14 0.76%
1948 849 63.93% 455 34.26% 24 1.81%
1944 797 58.82% 550 40.59% 8 0.59%
1940 873 52.53% 777 46.75% 12 0.72%
1936 580 38.85% 876 58.67% 37 2.48%
1932 559 41.81% 755 56.47% 23 1.72%
1928 776 76.30% 237 23.30% 4 0.39%
1924 840 72.92% 163 14.15% 149 12.93%
1920 726 64.42% 361 32.03% 40 3.55%
1916 409 46.21% 450 50.85% 26 2.94%
1912 257 34.97% 185 25.17% 293 39.86%
1908 590 67.82% 237 27.24% 43 4.94%
1904 587 73.56% 190 23.81% 21 2.63%
1900 440 62.59% 252 35.85% 11 1.56%
1896 350 49.65% 350 49.65% 5 0.71%
1892 300 48.62% 306 49.59% 11 1.78%
1888 436 47.14% 479 51.78% 10 1.08%
1884 304 56.72% 223 41.60% 9 1.68%

Administrative structure

[edit]

Governmental responsibilities within Michigan counties are divided between cities and townships, with the county providing certain services that are economically justified.

County Commissioners

[edit]

General financial control in Crawford County is vested in a 7-member elected County commission. In Michigan, they have limited authority to make laws or ordinances. Most local government functions are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. The county commission delegates authority to an appointed Controller who functions as the County executive, following the direction of the commission in daily operations and management. The controller in Crawford County is Paul Compo.[28]

District Commissioner Term Ends
1 Laurie Jamison – Chair 2026
2 Dorothy A Frederic 2026
3 Shelly Pinkelman 2026
4 Jamie McClain 2026
5 Carey S. Jansen 2026
6 Sherry M. Powers 2026
7 Phil Lewis – Vice-chair 2026

Law enforcement

[edit]

The Crawford County Sheriff is elected to lead the county's law enforcement department. The sheriff's jurisdiction encompasses all areas where a city or township has not established another Law enforcement agency. The county seat has the Grayling Police Department. The current sheriff is Ryan Swope.[29] The Sheriff is also responsible for the Crawford County Dispatch Center which responds to 911 calls as well as non-emergencies 24 hours a day. They forward calls for fires and medical emergencies throughout the county.[30] The county jail is also staffed and managed by the Sheriff's Department,[31] as is security for the county courts.

Fire & rescue

[edit]

Firefighting and Emergency services are the responsibility of cities and townships. The City of Grayling and Grayling Charter township have a joint department, with 22 salaried and paid-per call professionals. The remaining townships each have a primarily Volunteer fire department, but all provide mutual and automatic aid to other departments throughout the county and adjacent counties. They also participate in Wildfire suppression due to large forested areas including state parks, National Forests, state forests and wildlife management areas.[32]

Road department

[edit]

The Crawford County Road Department (CCRD) has responsibility for 180 miles of primary roads, 206 miles of state highways and 526 miles of local roads in the county. The counties 34 CCRD employees and utilize hundreds of pieces of equipment to keep county roadways in good repair. The department is also responsible for traffic signals, flashing beacons, bridges, road signs and culverts within county road rights of way throughout Crawford County's 558 square miles. Normal duties include: roadside brush control, snow and ice removal, roadside mowing, dust control on gravel roads, patching potholes, pavement markings, road & bridge design, inspection of contracted projects, and traffic studies. Five elected road commissioners meet bi-weekly to review, approve and plan department activities.[33]

Road Commissioners Term Ends
Ryan Halstead – Chairman 2024
Gary Summers – Vice Chairman 2028
Scott Hanson 2028
Cris Jones 2026
Ronald J. Larson 2026

Records

[edit]

The County Clerk is responsible for maintaining vital records including divorce/marriage, death/birth, notary, DBA registration, application to carry a concealed pistol, DD214. The officeholder is also Register of Deeds legally recording real/personal property docs, indexes and provides access to mortgages and liens, deeds, UCC transactions, oil/gas/mineral rights. Legal Records involve filing civil cases valued above $25,000 for Circuit Trial Court and processing criminal felony cases transferred from District Court. Unemployment (MESC), Probate Court and driver's license restoration appeals are also filed as well as orders of personal protection. Change of venue, civil/criminal bond money collection, construction lien certificate releases and issuing vendor permits to veterans are also normal processes. The County Clerk position is elected and the current officeholder in Crawford County is Sandra M. Moore.[34]

Treasurer

[edit]

In other states, the County Treasurer is known as the Tax Collector. Disbursements from the county, including payroll and vendor payments, are made by the treasurer following authorization by the County Commissioners. The treasurer must also maximize the interest earned on undisbursed funds through safe, short-term investments. The treasurer documents the collection of funds to the county which include: property taxes, state and federal grants, interest income, and various service and license fees. The County Clerk collects money in the course of daily business including fines, fees and bonds, then forwards it to the treasurer. The position of treasurer is elected and the current officeholder in Crawford County is Kate M. Wagner.[35]

[edit]

Crawford County's chief law enforcement official is the Prosecuting Attorney/County Counsel. They have a multitude of responsibilities that include:

  • Prosecution of felony and misdemeanor violations of the criminal laws of Michigan
  • Prosecution of violations of County ordinances
  • Prosecution of juvenile offenses, both felony & misdemeanor
  • Represent the County in Circuit and District Courts; parental neglect and juvenile delinquency; Family Court probate issues; the Court of Appeals; the Supreme Court of Michigan
  • Attend commitment hearings for mental health if contested
  • Establish paternity and family support orders
  • Represent County departments and the County Commission on legal issues

The position of prosecutor is elected and the current officeholder in Crawford County is Sierra R. Koch.[36]

Judicial

[edit]

There are three courts in Crawford County: Crawford County Probate Court, 46th Circuit Court, and 87-C District Court. The Michigan Supreme Court approved a Concurrent Jurisdiction Plan, an agreement entered into by all Crawford County elected judges. The judicial in the county operates as a unified (single) trial court, resulting in an efficient use of resources. This system reduces repetition, simplifies case processing, provides better customer service, controls costs and reduces receivables. One appointed court administrator assists all the judges with any administrative matter in the court system.[37]

Court Official
46th Circuit Judge George Mertz
46th Circuit Judge Colin G. Hunter
87-C District Judge Monte J. Burmeister
County Magistrate Angie Cragg

State/National

[edit]
Office District Officeholder Political party[38]
U.S. Representative 1st Jack Bergman Republican
State Senator 36th Michele Hoitenga Republican
State Representative 105th Ken Borton Republican

(information as of July 2023)

Education

[edit]

Primary and secondary

[edit]

Due to their small population, the county can only sustain one high school, middle school and elementary school. The Crawford AuSable School Board is elected to establish policy to provide the best programs to meet the needs of the students while being fiscally responsible and hiring a superintendent to execute those policies. The current superintendent is Tim Sanchez.[39]

Board Member Term Ends
Matt Cragg 2028
Wendy Kucharek 2024
Pam LaGattuta 2024
Josh Peters 2024
Nicole Persing-Wethington 2028
Lori Johnsonn 2024
Ryan Finstrom 2026
  • Crawford AuSable School District serves 1,619 students in Crawford County.[40]
  • Grayling Adventist Elementary School serves 9 students.[41]

Post-secondary

[edit]

Crawford County is home to Kirtland Community College, a public community college in Grayling.[42]

Public library

[edit]

The Deveraux Memorial Library in Grayling is the public library in Crawford County.[43]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Due to its size, the county has no scheduled bus service and limited taxi service. The Crawford County Transportation Authority offers dial-a-ride service at low rates.[44]

Air service

[edit]
Main article: Grayling Army Airfield

Crawford County is not served by commercial airlines. Grayling Army Airfield, (ICAO: KGOV, FAA LID: GOV) is a public/military use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) northwest of the central business district of Grayling. Built in 1977, the United States Army owns it, and a fixed-base operator provides support services to general aviation users.

Bus service

[edit]

Major highways

[edit]
  • I-75 from Detroit in the south enters on the west side of Crawford County, passes to the east of Grayling, and connects with the Mackinac Bridge to the north.
  • BL I-75 is a business loop route running through Grayling. It follows the former route of US 27, in part.
  • US 127 in Lansing goes north through Clare into Roscommon County where it enters Crawford County and terminates at I-75 in Beaver Creek township south of Grayling.[46]
  • M-18 begins on M-72 in South Branch Township near the Oscoda County line and runs south before curving to the west in a loop to Roscommon.
  • M-72 is one of only three roads that stretch east–west from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. It enters South Branch Township from Oscoda County in the southeast, passes through Grayling and continues northeast through Frederic Township to Traverse City.
  • M-93 is an 11-mile (18 km) route connecting the main gate of Michigan Army National Guard's Camp Grayling, 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Grayling, with Hartwick Pines State Park, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Grayling.
  • F-32 begins at BL I-75/M-93 on the northern edge of Grayling and continues east toward Mio.
  • F-97 is a north–south route that begins at Gladwin and goes north through Prudenville, St. Helen, follows M-18 in Crawford County, then continues into southern Otsego County.
  • County Highway 612 is an east–west roadway that starts southwest of Manistee Lake in Manistee county and continues east through Frederic in northern Crawford County, has an interchange at I-75, passes through Lewiston and ends at M-33 in Montmorency county.

Bicycle route

[edit]

Utilities

[edit]

The City of Grayling provides municipal water and sewer to residents,[47] and Beaver Creek/GraylingTownship Utility Authority provides municipal water and sewer to residents on the Four Mile Road corridor.[48] All other county residents utilize well water and private septic systems approved by the Crawford County Health Department.[49]

Electrical service throughout the county is provided by either Consumers Energy or Great Lakes Energy Co-op. Natural gas is provided by DTE Energy.[50] Propane Service is provided by half a dozen providers.

Health

[edit]
  • Senior Citizen assistance is provided by Crawford County Commission on Aging, who also sponsor a Senior Center and numerous programs and services to the elderly.[51]
  • The Crawford County Health Department also offers services to seniors and low income residents.
  • The primary provider of healthcare in Crawford County is Munson Healthcare with the Grayling Community Health Center and Grayling Hospital.[52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Bibliography on Crawford County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ "COUNTY HISTORY". crawfordco.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Newberry Library. "Michigan: Individual County Chronologies". Atlas of County Historical Boundaries. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  6. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 95.
  7. ^ George Dawson (1840). Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan Passed at the Annual Session of 1840. Detroit. pp. 196–200.
  8. ^ "zhaawanong (adv loc) | The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d Perry F. Powers, Harry Gordner Cutler. "A History of Northern Michigan and its people". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "About Crawford avalanche". Chronicling America.loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Smith, Jim. "The way it used to be". Upnorthvoice.com. AuSable Media. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Grayling Winter Sports". Cass City Chronicle. Cass City Chronicle. March 14, 1941.
  13. ^ a b "Hanson Hills - Our History". Hansonhills.org. Grayling Recreation Authority. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Camp Grayling". minationalguard.dodlive.mil. Michigan National Guard. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  15. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  16. ^ Veach, J.O. (1927). Soil Survey of Crawford County, Michigan (No. 29 ed.). US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  17. ^ "NPWRC :: Regional Landscape". usgs.gov. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013.
  18. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  19. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  20. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  21. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  22. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  23. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  24. ^ "The Diocese of Gaylord, Michigan:+ A Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church". Diocese of Gaylord.
  25. ^ "FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS". cityofgrayling.or. City of Grayling, Michigan. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  26. ^ "Crawford County Avalanche". Crawfordcountyavalanche.com. Crawford County Avalanche, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  27. ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
  28. ^ "Administrator/Controllers Office". crawfordco.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  29. ^ "Crawford County Sheriff's Office". crawfordco.org/. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  30. ^ "Crawford County Sheriff's Office". crawfordco.org/. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  31. ^ "Crawford County Sheriff's Office". crawfordco.org/. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  32. ^ "Grayling Fire Department". cityofgrayling.org. City of Grayling, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  33. ^ "Crawford County Road Commission". crawford-crc.com. Crawford County Road Commission. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  34. ^ "Treasurer's Office". crawfordco.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  35. ^ "Treasurer's Office". crawfordco.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  36. ^ "Treasurer's Office". crawfordco.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  37. ^ "Crawford County Courts and Friend of the Court". circuit46.org. State of Michigan. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  38. ^ "Genesee County, Michigan - Cumulative Results" (PDF). Genesee County, Michigan. November 22, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  39. ^ "Administrative Offices". casdk12.net. Crawford AuSable School District. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  40. ^ "Crawford AuSable School District". casdk12.net. Crawford County Board of Education. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  41. ^ "Grayling Adventist Elementary School". privateschoolreview.com. Private School Review. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  42. ^ "Kirtland Community College". kirtland.edu. Kirtland Community College. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  43. ^ "Crawford County Library". crawfordcolibrary.org. Crawford County Library Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  44. ^ "Crawford County Dial-a-ride". crawfordbus.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  45. ^ "EAST LANSING-PETOSKEY-ST. IGNACE" (PDF). Indian Trails. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  46. ^ "Picture of northern terminus US 127 at Grayling, Michigan". Archived from the original on May 23, 2008.
  47. ^ "Grayling Wastewater Treatment Facility". Michigan.gov. State of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  48. ^ "Beaver Creek/Grayling Township Utility Authority Water Tank and Waste Water Treatment Plant". twp.grayling.mi.us. Grayling Township, Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  49. ^ "Apply for a New Well/Septic". dhd10.org. Michigan Dept of Health District 10. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  50. ^ "Michigan Service Areas of Electric and Gas Utilities". Michigan Public Service Commission. State of Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  51. ^ "Crawford County Commission on Aging". crawfordcoa.org. Crawford County, Michigan. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  52. ^ "Grayling Community Health Center". munsonhealthcare.org. Munson Healthcare, Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
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44°41′N 84°37′W / 44.68°N 84.61°W / 44.68; -84.61

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