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Diet soda

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Diet Coke, one of the highest-selling diet soft drinks in the world

Diet or light beverages (also marketed as sugar-free, zero-calorie, low-calorie, zero-sugar or zero) are generally sugar-free, artificially sweetened beverages with few or no calories. They are marketed for diabetics and other people who want to reduce their sugar and/or caloric intake.

History

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Though artificial sweeteners had been known since the discovery of saccharin in 1878,[1] the diet beverage era began in earnest with the 1949 launch of La Casera (also known as Gaseosa) in Madrid, Spain using cyclamate. The product, which belongs now to Suntory Beverage and Food Europe (SBFE), is still on the market. This was followed by the development of No-Cal ginger ale in 1952. Hyman and Morris Kirsch of Kirsch Beverages (Brooklyn, New York) formulated No-Cal for diabetic and otherwise sugar-restricted hospital patients, also using cyclamate calcium to replace the sugar. Recognizing Americans' growing desire for weight loss, Kirsch began marketing No-Cal to the general public, particularly to women. By 1953, the drink had become popular in New York City and the surrounding region.[2] Canada Dry followed with Canada Dry Glamor in 1954.[3]

In 1958, Royal Crown Cola introduced their own cyclamate and saccharin sweetened dietetic beverage, Diet Rite. Following highly successful trials in Chicago and North Carolina, RC began marketing Diet Rite nationwide for the general public in 1962. It shortly became the 4th-best selling soda in the US, behind only Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and RC Cola itself.[2]

The following year (1963), Dr Pepper released a diet version of its own soft drink, "Dietetic Dr. Pepper" (later renamed to Sugar Free Dr. Pepper, then Diet Dr. Pepper), although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption. The same year, The Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soft drink market with Tab, followed up by Pepsi with Patio Diet Cola (shortly renamed to Diet Pepsi). Coca-Cola added Fresca in 1966.

All of the above products were originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin, which soon proved disastrous. In 1969, an experiment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that a cyclamate combination caused bladder cancer in laboratory rats,[4] quickly followed up by another from Abbott Labs (a manufacturer of cyclamate). This finding was quickly accepted in the medical field and by the public as evidence that cyclamate was carcinogenic in humans.[5][6] Per the Delaney amendment, the FDA immediately announced a ban on cyclamate in food and drink products, to take effect in 1970. Diet sodas were quickly reformulated with saccharin alone (in the hopes that consumers would tolerate the metallic aftertaste), but the market share of diet sodas rapidly fell from 20% to 3% overall.[2][7]

After further studies in the 1980s linked saccharin to cancer as well, most manufacturers switched to aspartame in 1983.[2][8]

By the early 1990s, a wide array of companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves. Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer. Nevertheless, The Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.

By 2002, some beverage companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products and diet drinks were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla). By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.[2]

Sweeteners

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Main article: Sugar substitute

Several different sweeteners are used to replace sugar in low-calorie diet beverages. The primary compounds worldwide are aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamates (outside the US), acesulfame potassium ("Ace K"), and stevia.

The ideal goal in artificial sweetening is to replicate the exact taste and texture effects of sucrose with one or more non-caloric sweeteners. Despite decades of research and development, this goal remains elusive.[9][10] Most sweeteners carry a marked aftertaste, often described as "bitter" or "metallic".[9][11] The perception of this aftertaste has been studied intensively,[12][13] and appears to be based on genetic factors that vary from person to person.[9][14]

In recent years, rising consumer preference for "natural" products and concern over the possible health effects of artificial sweeteners has spurred demand for stevia-based sweeteners and driven manufacturers to seek novel phytochemicals.[9][11]

Aspartame

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Aspartame, commonly known by the brand name NutraSweet, is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. The 1982 introduction of aspartame-sweetened Diet Coke accelerated this trend. Today, at least in the United States, "diet" is nearly synonymous with the use of aspartame in beverages.

Neotame and advantame are further derivatives of aspartame. They received FDA approval in 1998 and 2014 respectively. Due to its high efficiency (20,000 times sucrose) which enables use of minute quantities for sweetening, advantame has the advantage of being safe to consume for individuals with phenylketonuria. As such, products sweetened with it are not required to carry a phenylalanine warning label.[15]

Cyclamates

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In 1970, the Food and Drug Administration banned cyclamates in the United States based on the results of a study which found that it caused bladder cancer in rats in combination with saccharin. This effect was later revealed to be specific to rodents; neither saccharin nor cyclamate are now considered human carcinogens. Nevertheless, cyclamate remains banned in the US.[1]

Sucralose and acesulfame potassium; "sugar-free" soft drinks

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Recently, two other sweeteners have been used with increasing frequency: sucralose (marketed as Splenda) and acesulfame potassium ("Sunett" or "Ace K"). The K in "Ace K" represents the chemical symbol for potassium. Acesulfame potassium is usually combined with aspartame, sucralose, or saccharin rather than alone and its use is particularly common among smaller beverage producers (e.g. Big Red). Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soft drink brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.[citation needed]

In the US, sucralose and Ace-K received FDA approval for use in soft drinks in 1998.[15]

Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste. The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine. Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.[citation needed]

The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet soft drinks have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free", implying that the taste is good enough to drink even when not trying to lose weight. (This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")[citation needed]

In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a sucralose-containing formulation of Diet Coke known as Diet Coke with Splenda, but that it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well. There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well. This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.[citation needed]

Stevia

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Stevia-based sweeteners incorporate steviol glycosides, sweet-tasting compounds produced in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant.

One study investigated the electrochemical properties of stevia rebaudiana, a herb with potential as a glucose sugar alternative. By using a cyclic voltammetric technique with a nano-sensor modified glassy carbon electrode, the limited safety dose was determined as 0.4 mM (28 mg/mL), where the stevia compound acted as an anti-oxidative sweetener. The study also showed that the electrochemical properties of stevia varied in acidic and alkaline pH, with an oxidative behavior in acidic and an anti-oxidative behavior in alkaline solutions.[16]

Initially launched in Argentina in 2013, Coca-Cola Life is made with a mix of stevia and sugar as its sweeteners. Pepsi has also released a variant of their cola sweetened with stevia and sugar, called Pepsi Next.

Amount of artificial sweeteners in diet soft drinks

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The table below displays milligrams of sweetener and phosphorus in a 12-ounce (≈355 ml) serving of canned soft drink, as provided by the manufacturers in the US market in 2012. Fountain drinks may contain different sweeteners or different amounts of the same sweeteners.[17][18][19]

Beverage Aspartame (mg) Acesulfame K (mg) Sucralose (mg) Phosphorus (mg)
Diet Coke 188 188
 
 0 0 27 27
 
Coke Zero Sugar 87 87
 
 47 47
 
 0 54 54
 
Diet Pepsi 124 124
 
 32 32
 
 0 33 33
 
Diet Pepsi Lime 125 125
 
 32 32
 
 0 89 89
 
Diet Pepsi Vanilla 125 125
 
 32 32
 
 0 89 89
 
Pepsi Zero Sugar 125 125
 
 32 32
 
 0 42 42
 
Pepsi Next 36 36
 
 18 18
 
 14 14
 
 33 33
 
Diet Dr. Pepper 185 185
 
 0 0 50 50
 
Diet Mountain Dew 86 86
 
 27 27
 
 27 27
 
 0
Sprite Zero Sugar 75 75
 
 51 51
 
 0 0
Fresca 75 75
 
 51 51
 
 0 0
Barq's Diet Root Beer 99 99
 
 61 61
 
 0 0

Health concerns

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Further information: Sugar substitute § Health effects

Many consumers are concerned about possible health effects of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse.[20][21]

Some older reviews and dietetic professionals have concluded that moderate use of non-nutritive sweeteners as a safe replacement for sugars can help limit energy intake and assist with managing blood glucose and weight. [22][23][24][25]

However, never and industry-independent studies suggest an association with weight gain and increased diabetes risk. A meta-analysis published in Frontiers in Nutrition observed a significant association between artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.56).[26] Another study that suggests increased diabetes risk with diet soft drinks was published in 2015[27] which interestingly suggested a higher risk of diabetes with diet soft drinks compared to sugared soft drinks. While reverse causality could not be excluded, newer studies, for example MESA which suggested that regular consumption of diet soft drinks is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, independent of adiposity measures[28]. These results are largely consistent with other research in the field, providing a robust body of evidence for the potential adverse health effects of diet soft drinks.

There are several possible explanations for the counterintuitive weight gain and increased diabetes risk with the so called diet sodas. Artificial sweeteners may alter the brain's response to sweetness, potentially increasing cravings for high-calorie foods [29]. Some research suggests that artificial sweeteners might affect insulin response and metabolism, potentially leading to weight gain[30]

According to the World Health Organization, aspartame, a sweetener found in diet drinks and other food items, may be a potential cancer-causing agent. However, it is still considered safe to consume in moderation.[31]

Nomenclature

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In countries outside of the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, the term "light" is often used instead of "diet"; sometimes, even in countries that do not speak English, the word "light" in English is used (e.g., "Coca-Cola Light" in Spain).[32] The formulation of these is slightly different than the "diet"-named versions and thus the taste is slightly different.

Reduced-calorie drinks

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In an effort to profit on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo both released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship colas in 2004. The products contain approximately half the sugar of the regular versions. The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup. The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium and sucralose. Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales. Coca-Cola soon followed suit. Pepsi then released Pepsi Max in 2012.

Half of the sugar of a can of regular cola still exceeds the daily sugar allowance of some popular low-carbohydrate diets. It is possible that these soft drinks were targeted to so-called "carb-conscious consumers", who are paying attention to their carbohydrate intake but not trying to drastically reduce it.

Consumption

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According to a study by the National Center for Health Statistics, about one-fifth of the US population ages 2 years and over consumed diet drinks on a given day in 2009‒2010, and 11% consumed 16 fluid oz. of diet drinks or more. Overall, the percentage consuming diet drinks was higher among females compared with males. The percentage consuming diet drinks was similar for females and males at all ages except among 12- to 19-year-olds, where a higher percentage of females than males consumed diet drinks. A higher percentage of non-Hispanic white people consumed diet drinks compared with non-Hispanic black and Hispanic people. The study included calorie-free and low-calorie versions of soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks, and carbonated water.[33]

Regulation

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Diet soda is defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R (2006). "Low-calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 5 (2): 35–47. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00081.x. ISSN 1541-4337.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Benjamin Siegel "Sweet Nothing: The Triumph of Diet Soda", American Heritage, June/July 2006". Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  3. ^ "What Was the First Diet Soda?". culinarylore.com. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  4. ^ Bryan GT, Ertürk E (February 1970). "Production of mouse urinary bladder carcinomas by sodium cyclamate". Science. 167 (3920): 996–8. Bibcode:1970Sci...167..996B. doi:10.1126/science.167.3920.996. PMID 5411183. S2CID 31923633.
  5. ^ Knowles HC, Kipnis DM, Ricketts HT (December 1969). "Cyclamates and artificial sweeteners". Diabetes. 18 (12): 867–8. doi:10.2337/diab.18.12.867. PMID 5361448. S2CID 8151196.
  6. ^ Burbank F, Fraumeni JF (July 1970). "Synthetic sweetener consumption and bladder cancer trends in the United States". Nature. 227 (5255): 296–7. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..296B. doi:10.1038/227296a0. PMID 5428205. S2CID 4159061.
  7. ^ "The Tragic History of RC Cola". www.mentalfloss.com. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  8. ^ "The Bittersweet History of Sugar Substitutes". The New York Times. 29 March 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d Kowitt B (22 February 2017). "The Hunt for the Perfect Sugar". Fortune. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  10. ^ Chang K (11 June 2012). "Artificial Sweeteners: The Challenges of Tricking the Taste Buds". Well. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b Stanford D (19 March 2015). "Scientists Are Racing to Build a Better Diet Soda". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  12. ^ Kuhn C, Bufe B, Winnig M, Hofmann T, Frank O, Behrens M, et al. (November 2004). "Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (45): 10260–5. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1225-04.2004. PMC 6730199. PMID 15537898.
  13. ^ Riera CE, Vogel H, Simon SA, le Coutre J (August 2007). "Artificial sweeteners and salts producing a metallic taste sensation activate TRPV1 receptors". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 293 (2): R626-34. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2007. PMID 17567713.
  14. ^ Allen AL, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Hayes JE (June 2013). "Bitterness of the non-nutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium varies with polymorphisms in TAS2R9 and TAS2R31". Chemical Senses. 38 (5): 379–89. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt017. PMC 3657735. PMID 23599216.
  15. ^ a b Clifford J, Maloney K (January 2016). "Sugar and Sweeteners". Coloradu State University Extension. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  16. ^ Radhi, Muhammed Mizher; Obaid, Asmaa Abdulsattar; Hoidy, Wisam Hindawi (2 June 2021). "Electrochemical Analysis Using Nano-Sensor of Stevia Herb as a Healthful Alternative Sugar". Nano Biomedicine and Engineering. 13 (2): 207–211. doi:10.5101/nbe.v13i2.p207-211. ISSN 2150-5578.
  17. ^ Franz, Mary MS, RD, LD. Diabetes Self-Management, "AMOUNTS OF SWEETENERS IN POPULAR DIET SODAS" http://static.diabetesselfmanagement.com/pdfs/DSM0310_012.pdf Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Official Site for PepsiCo Beverage Information | Find". Pepsicobeveragefacts.com. 6 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  19. ^ Wickham E (January 2014). "Phosphorus Content in Commonly Consumed Beverages". Journal of Renal Nutrition. 24 (1): e1–e4. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.10.002. S2CID 71666823.
  20. ^ "Coffee Health Risks – Harvard Health Publications". Health.harvard.edu. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Sweetener scrutiny: Are sugar substitutes a helpful tool or an ineffective crutch? - amednews.com". Ama-assn.org. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  22. ^ Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, et al. (March 2016). "Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies". International Journal of Obesity. 40 (3): 381–94. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.177. PMC 4786736. PMID 26365102.
  23. ^ Miller PE, Perez V (September 2014). "Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 100 (3): 765–77. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.082826. PMC 4135487. PMID 24944060.
  24. ^ Shankar P, Ahuja S, Sriram K (1 December 2013). "Non-nutritive sweeteners: review and update". Nutrition. 29 (11–12): 1293–9. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.024. PMID 23845273.
  25. ^ Fitch C, Keim KS (May 2012). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners" (PDF). Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112 (5): 739–58. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009. PMID 22709780.
  26. ^ Li, Baoyu; Yan, Ni; Jiang, Hong; Cui, Meng; Wu, Min; Wang, Lina; Mi, Baibing; Li, Zhaofang; Shi, Jia; Fan, Yahui; Azalati, Mougni Mohamed; Li, Chao; Chen, Fangyao; Ma, Mao; Wang, Duolao (15 March 2023). "Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages and fruit juices and risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: A meta-analysis". Frontiers in Nutrition. 10. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1019534. ISSN 2296-861X. PMC 10050372. PMID 37006931.
  27. ^ Greenwood, D. C.; Threapleton, D. E.; Evans, C. E. L.; Cleghorn, C. L.; Nykjaer, C.; Woodhead, C.; Burley, V. J. (September 2014). "Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies". British Journal of Nutrition. 112 (5): 725–734. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001329. ISSN 0007-1145. PMID 24932880.
  28. ^ Burke, Gregory; Lima, Joao; Wong, Nathan D.; Narula, Jagat (1 September 2016). "The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis". Global Heart. 11 (3): 267. doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2016.09.001. ISSN 2211-8160. PMID 27741973.
  29. ^ "Sad but True: Diet Sodas Are Bad for Your Health". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  30. ^ Chia, Chee W.; Shardell, Michelle; Tanaka, Toshiko; Liu, David D.; Gravenstein, Kristofer S.; Simonsick, Eleanor M.; Egan, Josephine M.; Ferrucci, Luigi (23 November 2016). "Chronic Low-Calorie Sweetener Use and Risk of Abdominal Obesity among Older Adults: A Cohort Study". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0167241. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167241. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5120853. PMID 27880832.
  31. ^ "Soda sweetener aspartame now listed as possible cancer cause. But it's still considered safe". AP News. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  32. ^ "coca cola light – Google Search". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  33. ^ Fakhouri TH, et al. (2012). Consumption of Diet Drinks in the United States 2009–2010. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  34. ^ "Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value". www.fns.usda.gov. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210. Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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