1853 in science
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The year 1853 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
[edit]- March 17 – Claude Bernard presents his doctoral thesis describing the glycogenetic function of the liver.[1]
- Anton de Bary publishes the first study demonstrating that rust and smut fungi cause plant disease.
Exploration
[edit]- November 25 – First definite sighting of Heard Island in the Antarctic.
- Alfred Russel Wallace publishes A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon Valley.
Mathematics
[edit]- Jakob Steiner investigates the Steiner system.[2]
Medicine
[edit]- August 1 – Under terms of the Vaccination Act 1853 in the United Kingdom, all children born after this date are to receive compulsory vaccination against smallpox during their first 3 months of life.[3]
- William Little publishes a paper "On the Deformities of the Human Frame" in which he gives the first description of pseudo-hypertrophic muscular dystrophy.[4]
- Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently invent a practical hypodermic syringe.
- Antoine Desormeaux produces and names an endoscope illuminated by a kerosene lamp, using it to examine the urinary tract.[5]
Meteorology
[edit]- John Francis Campbell invents the original form of Campbell–Stokes recorder (for sunshine).
Technology
[edit]- Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci first develop the Barsanti-Matteucci engine, an internal combustion engine using the free-piston principle.[6][7]
- Sir George Cayley built and demonstrated the first heavier-than-air aircraft (a glider).
Awards
[edit]- Copley Medal: Heinrich Wilhelm Dove[8]
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Adolphe d'Archiac; Édouard de Verneuil
Births
[edit]- January 24 – Alfred Senier (died 1918), British chemist.
- February 15 – Frederick Treves (died 1923), English surgeon.
- March 2 – Ambrosius Hubrecht (died 1915), Dutch zoologist.
- March 10 – William Hampton Patton (died 1918), American entomologist.
- April 8 – Laura Alberta Linton (died 1915), American chemist.
- July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz (died 1928), Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate.
- September 2 – Wilhelm Ostwald (died 1932), Baltic German chemist.
- September 9 – Pierre Marie (died 1940), French neurologist.
Deaths
[edit]- March 17 – Christian Doppler (born 1803), Austrian mathematician and discoverer of the Doppler effect.
- March 20 – Robert James Graves (born 1796), Irish physician
- April 23 – Auguste Laurent (born 1807), French chemist.
- July 8 – Ernst Friedrich Germar (born 1786), German entomologist.
- September 14 – Hugh Edwin Strickland (born 1811), English geologist and ornithologist.
- October 2 – François Arago (born 1786), French mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.
- October 18 – Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim (born 1771), German naturalist.
References
[edit]- ^ Nouvelle fonction du foie, considéré comme organe producteur de matière sucrée chez l'homme et les animaux. Paris.
- ^ Steiner, J. (1853). "Combinatorische Außgabe". Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik. 45: 181–182.
- ^ "United Kingdom Vaccination Act 1853". Policy Navigator. The Health Foundation. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Siegel, I. M. (1988). "Historical Vignette #9. Little big man: the life and genius of William John Little (1810-1894)". Orthopedic Review. 17 (11): 1156, 1161–6. PMID 3060808.
- ^ Engel, Rainer (2007). "Development of the Modern Cystoscope: An Illustrated History". Medscape. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "The Historical Documents". Barsanti e Matteucci. Fondazione Barsanti & Matteucci. 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
- ^ Ricci, G. (2012). "The First Internal Combustion Engine". In Starr, F.; Marshall, E.L.; Lawton, B. (eds.). The Piston Engine Revolution. London: Newcomen Society. pp. 23–44. ISBN 978-0-904685-15-2.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.